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MRCS A > Lower Limb > Flashcards

Lower Limb Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

What is the path of the small saphenous vein?

A

Passes on the lateral side of dorsum of foot, then passes below + behind lateral malleolus.

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2
Q

What is the path of great saphenous vein?

A

Passes on medial side of dorsum of foot, and in front of medial malleolus

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3
Q

What accompanies the small saphenous vein?

A

Sural nerve

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4
Q

What accompanies the great saphenous vein?

A

Saphenous nerve

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5
Q

What is the iliotibial tract?

A

Thickened lateral part of deep fascia, between iliac crest + lateral part of tibial tuberosity

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6
Q

What muscles are attached to the iliotibial tract?

A

Tensor fascia lata
Gluteus maximus muscle

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7
Q

What is the saphenous opening?

A

Found in deep fascia
Small opening
4cm below + lateral to pubic tubercle

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8
Q

What four muscles make up the gluteal region?

A
  1. Gluteus Maximus
  2. Gluteus medius
  3. Gluteus minimus
  4. Tensor fascia lata
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9
Q

What is the nerve supply to the gluteal region muscles?

A

Superior gluteal nerve
Except for the gluteus maximus which is supplied by the inferior gluteal nerve

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10
Q

What is the action of the gluteal region muscles?

A

Medial rotation
Except the gluteus maximums which does lateral rotation

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11
Q

What are the abductors of the hip?

A

Gluteus medius + gluteus minimus

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12
Q

What is the normal action of the abductors of the hip?

A

Prevent the tilting of the pelvis to the unsupported side

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13
Q

What is the cause of Trendelenburg gait?

A

Paralysis of gluteus medius/minimus muscle or injury to superior gluteal nerve

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14
Q

What is Trendelenburg sign?

A

Trunk is flexed from side to side in each step

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15
Q

What are the four small lateral rotator muscles of the hip joint?

A

Piriformis muscle
Obturator internus
Gemelli
Quadratus Femoris

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16
Q

What muscles are attached to the greater tuberosity?

A

POGQ
Abductors (gluteus medius/minimus)
Lateral Rotators (piriformis, obturator, gemelli, quadratus)

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17
Q

What structures pass through the greater sciatic foramen?

A

Piriformis
Structures above piriformis - superior gluteal vessels + superior gluteal nerve
Structures below piriformis - infer

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18
Q

What structures pass through both sciatic foramen?

A

Nerve to obturator internus muscle
Internal pudendal vessels
Pudendal nerve

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19
Q

What muscles make up the anterior chamber of thigh?

A

Sartorius
Psoas Major
Iliacus
Quadriceps

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20
Q

What nerve supplies the muscles of the anterior thigh?

A

Femoral nerve

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21
Q

What is the origin of the psoas major?

A

Transverse processes of T12 + all lumbar vertebrae

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22
Q

What is the insertion of the iliopsoas muscle?

A

Lesser trochanter of the femur

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23
Q

What are the four heads of quadriceps?

A

Vastus medialis
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Rectus femoris

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24
Q

What is the insertion of the quadriceps?

A

Forms a common tendon
Inserted into upper border of patella, through ligamentum patellae into tibial tuberosity

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25
What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?
Roof: skin, superficial/deep fascia Medial: adductor longus Lateral: sartorius muscle Base: inguinal ligament Apex: overlap of sartorius on adductor longus Floor: APPI Adductor longus, Pectineus, Psoas major, Iliacus
26
What are the contents of the femoral triangle?
Nerves: genitofemoral nerve, lateral cutaneous branch of thigh, femoral nerve + branches Blood vessels: femoral artery, vein Lymph node: deep inguinal lymph nodes
27
What are the boundaries of the femoral sheath?
Anterior: fascia transveralis Posterior: fascia iliaca Medial + lateral: fusion of 2 fascia
28
What are compartments of the femoral sheath?
3 compartments Lateral = femoral artery + femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve Middle = femoral vein Medial = femoral canal (fat + LN)
29
What are the boundaries of femoral canal?
Anterior: fascia transversalis Posterior: fascia iliaca Lateral: medial septum of sheath Medial: fusion of anterior/posterior fascia Apex: fusion of wall Base: femoral ring
30
What are the boundaries of the femoral ring?
Anterior: inguinal ligament Posterior: pectineal line + ligament Medial: lacunar ligament Lateral: femoral vein
31
What is the importance of the femoral canal?
Allows expansion of femoral vein in increased venous return Can result in femoral hernia
32
What is the beginning of the femoral artery?
behind mid-inguinal point
33
What is the end of femoral artery?
lower end of adductor canal and as the popliteal artery
34
What is the clinical importance of the deep external pudendal artery?
Passes near the saphenous opening
35
What are the branches of the profunda fermoris artery?
Lateral and medial circumflex artery
36
What artery supplies the head of the femur?
Lateral and medial circumflex artery
37
What is the origin of the femoral nerve?
lumbar plexus
38
What are the roots of the femoral nerve?
posterior divisons of ventral rami of L2/3/4 spinal nerves
39
What does the femoral nerve supply?
Anterior compartment of thigh
40
Where does the saphenous nerve supply?
Branch of femoral nerve and supplies leg + foot
41
What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?
Upper medial: semimembranous + semitendonsus Upper lateral: biceps femoris Lower lateral: lateral head of gastrocnemius + plantaris Lower medial: medial head of gastrocnemius
42
What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?
popliteal artery (deepest) popliteal vein common peroneal nerve tibial nerve (superficial)
43
What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of leg?
Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus Peroneus tertius
44
What is the nerve supply of the anterior compartment of leg?
Deep peroneal nerve
45
What is the action of the muscles of anterior compartment of leg?
Dorsiflexion of foot
46
What is action of tibialis anterior?
Dorsiflexion of foot Inversion of foot
47
What is action of peroneus tertius?
Dorsiflexion of foot Eversion of foot
48
What are the branches of the deep peroneal nerve?
Muscular: anterior compartment of leg Sensory: skin of 1st web space
49
Where does the anterior tibial artery end?
Midway between 2 malleoli, in front of ankle joint by continuing as dorsalis pedis artery
50
What muscles make up lateral compartment of leg?
Peroneus longus Peroneus brevis
51
What is action of lateral compartment of leg?
Eversion of foot Plantar flexion of foot
52
What are the branches of superficial peroneal nerve?
Muscles of lateral compartment of leg Cutaenous: Skin of dorsum of foot, except: 1. adjacent sides of big + 2nd toes 2. Lateral side of little toe = sural 3. Medial side of foot = saphenous
53
What causes injury to common peroneal nerve?
fracture neck of fibula
54
What happens as result of injury to common peroneal nerve?
Motor: paralysis of anterior + lateral compartment of leg = loss of dorsiflexion + eversion of foot Sensory: loss of sensation except to lateral side of little toe + medial side of foot
55
What is the deformity seen in injury of common peroneal nerve?
Drop foot
56
What muscles make up the superficial group of muscles in back of leg?
Gastrocnemus Soleus Plantaris
57
What is the nerve supply of superficial group of muscles in back of leg?
Tibial Nerve
58
What is the action of superficial group of muscles in back of leg?
Plantar flexion of foot
59
What are the deep muscles of the back of leg?
Popliteus Tibialis posterior Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus
60
What is the nerve supply to the deep muscles of the back of leg?
Tibial nerve
61
What is the action of the deep muscles of the back of leg?
Plantar flexion of foot
62
What is the action of the deep muscles of the back of leg?
Plantar flexion of foot
63
What structures are found deep to the flexor retinaculum?
Tom Does Very Nice Hats Tibialis posterior tendon (anterior) Flexor digitorum longus tendon Posterior tibial vessels Tibial nerve Flexor hallucis longus (posterior)
64
Where does the lateral cutaenous root arise?
L2 + L3
64
What does the branches of the saphenous nerve supply?
Skin of medial side of leg + dorsum of foot
64
What nerves supplies the muscles of the medial compartement?
Obturator nerve
64
What is meralgia paraesthetica?
entrapment of compression of nerve near ASIS + inguinal ligament
64
What is the nerve supplying the skin over + below patella?
Infrapaterallar branch of saphenous nerve
64
What muscles attach at the greater trochanter?
POGO Piriformis Obturator internus Gemelli + Glutei Obturator externus
65
What is the action of the medial compartments of the thigh?
Adduction
65
What are the roots of the obturator nerve?
anterior divisons of ventral rami of L2,3,4
65
What does the cutaenous branch of obturator nerve?
skin of medial part of thigh
65
Where does the adductor canal lie?
medial part of the middle 1/3 of thigh
65
What are the contents of the adductor canal?
Arteries: femoral Veins: femoral Nerves: nerve to vastus medialis muscle + saphenous nerve Lymphatics
65
What muscles make up the back of the thigh (hamstring muscles)?
biceps femoris semi-tendenosus semi-membranosus
65
Where is the insertion of the biceps femoris?
styloid process of fibula
65
What nerve supplies the hamstring muscles?
Sciatic nerve
65
What is the nerve supply of the biceps femoris?
Long head: tibial branch of sciatic nerve Short head: common peroneal of sciatic nerve
65
What is the origin + roots of sciatic nerve?
Sacral plexus Terminal branch of plexus (L4/5, S1/2/3)
65
Where does the sciatic nerve end?
Middle of back of thigh
65
What are the boundaries of the adductor canal?
Antero-lateral wall: vastus medialis Antero-medial wall: sartorius Posterior: adductor longus + magnus
66
What are the terminal branches of the sciatic nerve?
Branches into: tibial nerve + common peroneal nerve
66
What are the branches of the tibial nerve?
Cutaenous branches: - sural nerve to lateral side of leg + foot - calcanean branches of heel Muscular branches: - long head of biceps - posterior compartment of leg muscles Terminal branches: - lateral + medial plantar nerves
66
What muscle is commonly injured in runners with explosive movement (especially if not warmed up)?
Biceps femoris
66
What are the muscular branches of the sciatic nerve?
hamstring muscles ischial part of adductor magnus
66
Where does the common peroneal nerve divide?
lateral side of neck of fibula high risk of injury if fractures
66
What does the popliteal artery divide into?
Anterior + posterior tibial artery
66
Where does the popliteal artery begin?
Opening in adductor magnus muscle
66
What bones are in front of the cuboid bone?
4th + 5th metatarsal bones
67
What are the contents of the adductor canal?
Arteries: femoral Veins: femoral Nerves: nerve to vastus medialis muscle + saphenous nerve Lymphatics
67
What are the boundaries of the adductor canal?
Antero-lateral wall: vastus medialis Antero-medial wall: sartorius Posterior: adductor longus + magnus
67
Where is the insertion of the biceps femoris?
styloid process of fibula
68
What is the nerve supply of the biceps femoris?
Long head: tibial branch of sciatic nerve Short head: common peroneal of sciatic nerve
68
What nerve supplies the hamstring muscles?
Sciatic nerve
68
What is the origin + roots of sciatic nerve?
Sacral plexus Terminal branch of plexus (L4/5, S1/2/3)
68
What muscle is commonly injured in runners with explosive movement (especially if not warmed up)?
Biceps femoris
68
Where does the sciatic nerve end?
Middle of back of thigh
68
What are the muscular branches of the sciatic nerve?
hamstring muscles ischial part of adductor magnus
68
What are the terminal branches of the sciatic nerve?
Branches into: tibial nerve + common peroneal nerve
68
What are the branches of the tibial nerve?
Cutaenous branches: - sural nerve to lateral side of leg + foot - calcanean branches of heel Muscular branches: - long head of biceps - posterior compartment of leg muscles Terminal branches: - lateral + medial plantar nerves
68
Where does the common peroneal nerve divide?
lateral side of neck of fibula high risk of injury if fractures
68
Where does the popliteal artery begin?
Opening in adductor magnus muscle
68
What does the popliteal artery divide into?
Anterior + posterior tibial artery
68
What bones are in front of the cuboid bone?
4th + 5th metatarsal bones

MRCS A (3 decks)

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