HO Endocrine System

Question 1

CLASSIFICATION OF HORMONES

Answer 1

1. Lipid soluble
   - steroid
   - thyroid
   - nitric oxide
2. water soluble
   - amine
   - Peptide/Protein
   - Eicosanoid hormones

Question 2

Derived from cholesterol; each steroid hormone is unique due to the presence of different chemical groups attached at various sites on the four rings at the core of its structure

Answer 2

Steroid hormones

Question 3

▪ Secreted by the adrenal cortex

▪ Increase blood levels of Na+ and water and decrease blood level of K+

Answer 3

aldosterone

Question 4

▪ Secreted by the adrenal cortex

▪ Increase protein breakdown (except in liver), stimulate gluconeogenesis and lipolysis, provide resistance to stress, dampen inflammation and depress immune responses

Answer 4

Cortisol

Question 5

▪ Secreted by adrenal cortex

▪ Assist in early growth of axillary and pubic hari in both sexes; in females contribute to
libido and are source of estrogen after menopause

Answer 5

Androgens

Question 6

▪ Secreted by kidneys
▪ Aids in the absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus

Answer 6

Calcitriol

Question 7

▪ Secreted by testes
▪ Stimulates descent of the testes before birth, regulates spermatogenesis and
promotes development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics

Answer 7

Testosterone

Question 8

▪ Secreted by ovaries
▪ Together with gonadotropic hormones of the anterior pituitary, regulate the female
reproductive cycle, regulate oogenesis, maintain pregnancy, prepare the
mammary glands for lactation and promote development and maintenance of
secondary female sex characteristics

Answer 8

Estrogen, Progesterone

Question 9

• Synthesized by attaching iodine to the amino acid tyrosine
• Benzene ring of tyrosine makes it very lipid soluble

Answer 9

Thyroid Hormones

Question 10

▪ Secreted by the thyroid gland (follicular cells)
▪ Increase basal metabolic rate, stimulate synthesis of proteins, increase use of
glucose and fatty acids for ATP production, increase lipolysis, enhance cholesterol
excretion, accelerate body growth and contribute to the development of the NS

Answer 10

T3 (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine)

Question 11

• Hormone and a neurotransmitter
• Synthesis is catalyzed by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase
• Secreted by endothelial cells lining the blood vessels
• Fxn: relaxes the smooth muscle in the walls of the arterioles

Answer 11

Nitric Oxide

Question 12

amine hormones; peptide hormones/protein hormones; eicosanoid hormones

Answer 12

Water-soluble

Question 13

• Synthesized by decarboxylating and modifying certain amino acids
• Contain the amino group

Answer 13

Amine hormones

Question 14

▪ Secreted by adrenal medulla and synthesized by modifying amino acid tyrosine
▪ Produce effects that enhance those of the SANS during stress

Answer 14

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine (catecholamines)

Question 15

▪ Secreted by the pineal gland and derived from tryptophan
▪ Contributes to the setting of the body’s biological clock; thought to promote sleepiness when liberated in the dark than in light

Answer 15

Melatonin

Question 16

▪ Secreted by mast cells and synthesized by amino acid histidine
▪ Dilating blood vessels to brings more blood flow to local areas which causes rashes, redness, heat and pain; drawing WBC to the area of a local injury to clear away damaged tissues and bacteria

Answer 16

Histamine

Question 17

▪ Secreted by platelets in blood and derived from tryptophan
▪ Gives a calm feeling and regulates ingestion and satiety

Answer 17

Serotonin

Question 18

• Amino acid polymers: smaller peptide hormones consist of chains of 3-49 amino acids;
• larger peptide hormones consist of chains of 50-200 amino acid

Answer 18

Peptide/Protein hormones

Question 19

▪ Secreted by the posterior pituitary
▪ Stimulates contraction of smooth muscle of the uterus during childbirth; stimulates
contraction of myoepithelial cells in the mammary glands to cause milk ejection

Answer 19

Oxytocin

Question 20

▪ Secreted by the posterior pituitary
▪ Conserves body water by decreasing urine volume, decreases water loss through
perspiration, raises blood pressure by contracting arterioles

Answer 20

Antidiuretic hormone

Question 21

▪ Secreted by anterior pituitary
▪ Stimulates liver, muscle, cartilage, bone and other tissues to synthesize and secrete
insulinlike growth factors (IGFs)

Answer 21

Human growth hormone

Question 22

▪ Secreted by anterior pituitary
▪ Stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland

Answer 22

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Question 23

▪ Secreted by anterior pituitary
▪ Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) by the adrenal cortex

Answer 23

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 24

▪ Secreted by anterior pituitary
▪ In females, initiates development of oocytes and induces ovarian secretion of
estrogens
▪ In males, stimulated testes to produce sperm

Answer 24

Follicle stimulating hormone

Question 25

▪ Secreted by anterior pituitary ▪ Females: stimulates secretion of estrogens and progesterone, ovulation and formation of corpus luteum ▪ Males: stimulates testes to produce testosterone

Answer 25

Luteinizing hormone

Question 26

▪ Secreted by anterior pituitary ▪ Together with other hormones, produces milk secretion by the mammary glands

Answer 26

Prolactin

Question 27

▪ Secreted by anterior pituitary ▪ Exact role in humans is unknown but may influence activity of the brain, when present in excess, can cause darkening of skin

Answer 27

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Question 28

▪ Secreted by pancreas ▪ Lowers blood glucose level by accelerating transport of glucose into cells, converting glucose into glycogen and decreasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; also increase lipogenesis and stimulate protein synthesis

Answer 28

Insulin

Question 29

▪ Secreted by pancreas ▪ Raises blood glucose level by accelerating breakdown of glycogen into glucose in liver converting other nutrients into glucose in liver and releasing glucose into the blood

Answer 29

Glucagon

Question 30

▪ Secreted by pancreas ▪ Inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon and slows absorption of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 30

Somatostatin

Question 31

▪ Secreted by pancreas ▪ Inhibits somatostatin secretion, gall bladder contraction, and secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes

Answer 31

Pancreatic polypeptide

Question 32

▪ Secreted by parathyroid glands ▪ Increases blood Ca++ and Mg++ levels and decreases blood HPO4̄level, increases bone resorption by osteoclasts, increases Ca++ and HPO4̄excretion by kidneys and promotes formation of calcitriol which increases rate of dietary Ca++ and Mg++ absorption

Answer 32

Parathyroid hormone

Question 33

▪ Secreted by thyroid gland (parafollicular cells) ▪ Lowers blood levels of Ca++ and HPO4̄by inhibiting bone resoprtion by osteoclasts and by accelerating uptake of calcium and phosphates into bone extracellular matrix

Answer 33

Calcitonin

Question 34

▪ Secreted by stomach and small intestine (enteroendocrine cells) ▪ Promotes secretion of gastric juice and increases movements of stomach

Answer 34

Gastrin

Question 35

▪ Secreted by stomach and small intestine (enteroendocrine cells) ▪ Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice and bile

Answer 35

Secretin

Question 36

▪ Secreted by stomach and small intestine (enteroendocrine cells) ▪ Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice, regulates release of bile from gallbladder and brings about a feeling of fullness after eating

Answer 36

Cholecystokinin

Question 37

▪ Secreted by stomach and small intestine (enteroendocrine cells) ▪ Stimulates release of insulin by pancreatic beta cells

Answer 37

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

Question 38

▪ Secreted by kidneys ▪ Increases rate of RBC formation

Answer 38

Erythropoietin

Question 39

▪ Secreted by adipose cells ▪ Suppresses appetite and may increase activity of FSH and LH

Answer 39

Leptin

Question 40

* Derived from arachidonic acid * Important local hormone and may act as circulating hormones

Answer 40

Eicosanoid hormones

Question 41

▪ Secreted by all cells except RBC ▪ Activation of the inflammatory response, production of pain and fever, blood clots form when a blood vessel is damaged ▪ Certain prostaglandins are involved with the induction of labor and other reproductive processes ▪ Inhibit acid synthesis and increase secretion of protective mucus in gastrointestinal tract (cytoprotective), increase blood flow in kidneys

Answer 41

Prostaglandin

Question 42

▪ Secreted by all cells except RBC ▪ Promote constriction of bronchi associated with asthma

Answer 42

Leukotriene

Question 43

* Hyposecretion of hGH during the growth years –slows bone growth and the epiphyseal plates close before normal height is reached * Other organs fail to grow and the body proportions are child-like * Txt: administer GH during childhood

Answer 43

Pituitary dwarfism

Question 44

* Hypersecretion of hGH during childhood-giantism i. Refers to abnormally high linear growth due to excessive action of insulin –like growth factor (IGF-I) while the epiphyseal growth plates are open during childhood * During adulthood-acromegaly i. hGH cannot produce further lengthening of the long bones because the epiphyseal plates are already closed, the bones of the hands, feet, cheecks, and the jaw thickens and the other tissues enlarge ii. Eyelids, lips, tongue and the nose enlarge and skin thickens and develops furrows specially on the forehead and soles

Answer 44

Acromegaly/Giantism

Question 45

* Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to generalized enlargement of the thyroid or nodules within the thyroid * Most of the T4 is converted to T3 outside of the thyroid-influence bodily functions and other processes necessary for life *goiter is not a cancer, most goiters are benign * May be simple or hereditary. Simple goiters (endemic or sporadic): caused by inadequate supply of thyroid hormone to meet the body’s need. The thyroid gland tries to make up for thus deficiency by enlarging.

Answer 45

Goiter

Question 46

* “congenital hypothyroidism” * Caused by untreated congenital thyroid hormone deficiency * Classification: Endemic (iodine deficiency), genetic, sporadic * s/sx: stunted growth: mentally and physically, thickened skin, delayed puberty, poor growth, ovulation interference, delayed bone maturation

Answer 46

Cretinism

Question 47

* “adult hypothyroidism” * Due to functional insufficiency of the thyroid gland resulting in deficiency of thyroid hormone * s/sx: sry skin, swellings around the lips, nose and mental-physical deterioration, cretinoid appearance, slow speech, dullness of intellect

Answer 47

Myxedema

Question 48

* Most common form of hyperthyroidism * Autoimmune disorder in which the person produces antibodies that mimic the action of TSH-antibody continually produce thyroid hormone * s/sx: enlarged thyroid, exophthalmos * txt: surgical removal or part of all the thyroid gland particularly thyroidectomy, use of radioactive iodine to selectively destroy thyroid tissue, use of antithyroid drugs to block synthesis of thyroid hormones

Answer 48

Grave’s disease

Question 49

* Characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels * Chronic medical condition: meaning the it can be controlled, it lasts a lifetime * “sweet urine”-elevated levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia) lead to spillage of glucose into the urine hence the term

Answer 49

Diabetes Mellitus

Question 50

▪ “Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)” or “ Juvenile Diabetes” ▪ There is an absolute lack of insulin ▪ Beta cells in the pancreas normally responsible for making and secreting insulin die because the body’s immune system has attacked them therefore no cells are available to make the insulin body will die without getting supplemental insulin in the immediate or near immediate future ▪ Txt: insulin shots only

Answer 50

Type 1 Diabetes

Question 51

▪ “Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes (NIDDM)”; “Adult Onset Diabetes”; Maturity Onset Diabetes ▪ The amount of insulin is available but is less than the individual requires; Amount of insulin is enough but insulin doesn’t work well as it should when it gets to the cell (Insulin resistance) ▪ Txt: Proper diet, exercise, sometimes insulin is also necessary

Answer 51

Type 2 Diabetes

Question 52

* “hypercortisolism” * Occurs when he body is exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol for a long time * Cause: use of oral corticosteroid medication or the body makes too much cortisol * s/sx: fatty hump between the shoulders, rounded face, pink or purple stretch marks on the skin, high blood pressure, bone loss, diabetes

Answer 52

Cushing ’s syndrome

Question 53

* “hypocotisolism” or “adrenal insufficiency” * Body doesn’t produce enough amount of cortisol i. ______________________: ▪ Cortex is damages and doesn’t produce its hormones in adequate quantities-autoimmune disease ▪ Other causes: tuberculosis, cancer, bleed and infection of the adrenal glands ii. ______________________: ▪ Occur if pituitary gland is diseased ▪ Inadequate production of ACTH can lead to insufficient production of hormones normally produced by the adrenal glands even though the adrenal glands aren’t damaged ▪ Other causes: corticosteroid intake for chronic conditions, asthma, arthritis and abruptly stop taking corticosteroids

Answer 53

Addison’s syndrome i. Primary Adrenal Insufficiency ii. Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency