Endocrine System PPT Flashcards
(48 cards)
1
Q
- molecule that is released in one part of the body but regulates the activity of cells in other parts of the body
A
hormones
2
Q
- Neurotransmitters released locally in response to nerve impulses.
- Close to site of release, at synapse; binds to receptors in postsynaptic membrane.
- Muscle (smooth, cardiac, and skeletal) cells, gland cells, other neurons.
- Typically within milliseconds (thousandths of a second).
- Generally briefer (milliseconds).
A
NERVOUS SYSTEM
3
Q
- Hormones delivered to tissues throughout body by blood.
- Far from site of release (usually); binds to receptors on or in target cells.
- Cells throughout body.
- Seconds to hours or days
- Generally longer (seconds to days).
A
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
4
Q
lipid soluble
A
- steroid hormones
- thyroid hormones
- gas
5
Q
- ______, ______, ______: adrenal cortex
- ______ (active form of vitamin D): kidneys
- ______: testes
- ______, ______: ovaries
A
- Aldosterone, cortisol, androgens: adrenal cortex
- Calcitriol (active form of vitamin D): kidneys
- Testosterone: testes
- Estrogens, progesterone: ovaries
STEROID hormones
6
Q
______ (_____), ______ (_____): Thyroid gland (follicular cells).
A
T3 (triiodothyronine), T4 (thyroxine): Thyroid gland (follicular cells).
THYROID hormones
7
Q
________: Endothelial cells lining blood vessels.
A
Nitric oxide (NO): Endothelial cells lining blood vessels.
GAS
8
Q
water soluble
A
- amines
- peptides and proteins
- elcosanoids
9
Q
- ______, ______ (_____): Adrenal medulla
- _______: Adrenal medulla
- _______: Mast cells in connective tissues
- _______: Platelets in blood
A
- Epinephrine, Norepinephrine (catecholamines): Adrenal medulla
- Melatonin: Adrenal medulla
- Histamine: Mast cells in connective tissues
- Serotonin: Platelets in blood
AMINES
10
Q
- All hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones: ________
- Oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone: ________
- Growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, melanocyte-stimulating hormone: ________
A
- All hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones: Hypothalamus
- Oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone: Posterior pituitary
- Growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, melanocyte-stimulating hormone: Anterior pituitary
PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS
11
Q
- ______, ______, ______, ______: pancreas
- ______: Parathyroid glands
- ______: Thyroid gland (parafollicular cells)
- ______, ______, ______, ______: Stomach and small intestine (enteroendocrine cells).
- ______: Kidneys
- ______: Adipose tissue
- ______, ______: All cells except red blood cells
A
- Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide: pancreas
- Parathyroid hormone: Parathyroid glands
- Calcitonin: Thyroid gland (parafollicular cells)
- Gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, GIP (glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide): Stomach and small intestine (enteroendocrine cells).
- Erythropoietin: Kidneys
- Leptin: Adipose tissue
- Prostaglandins, leukotrienes: All cells except red blood cells
ELCOSANOIDS
12
Q
Functions of the Endocrine System
A
1.Help regulate:
- Chemical composition and volume of internal environment (extracellular fluid).
- Metabolism and energy balance
- Contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle fibers
- Glandular secretions
- Some immune system activities.
- Control growth and development.
- Regulate operation of reproductive systems.
- Help establish circadian rhythms.
13
Q
Endocrine Organs
A
- Adrenal Glands
- Pancreas
- Gonads
- Pineal Gland
- Thymus Gland
- other organs/tissues:
- Gastrointestinal Tract (Secretin, Cholecystokinin)
- Placenta (Human chorionic gonadotropin: hCG, Estrogens and progesterone, Human chorionic somatomammotropin: hCS)
- Kidneys (Renin, Erythropoietin: EPO, Calcitriol: active form of vitamin D)
- Heart: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
- Adipose Tissue: Leptin
14
Q
ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES
- _____________:
- Increased blood K+ level and angiotensin II stimulate secretion.
- Increase blood levels of Na+ and water; decrease blood level of K*. - _____________:
- ACTH stimulates release
- corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) promotes ACTH secretion in response to stress and low blood levels of glucocorticoids.
- Increase protein breakdown (except in liver), stimulate gluconeogenesis and lipolysis, provide resistance to stress, dampen inflammation, depress immune responses. - _____________:
- ACTH stimulates secretion
- Assist in early growth of axillary and pubic hair in both sexes; in females, contribute to libido and are source of estrogens after menopause.
A
- Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone) from zona glomerulosa cells
- Glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) from zona fasciculata cells
- Androgens (mainly dehydroeplandrosterone, or DHEA)
[adrenal cortex]
15
Q
ADRENAL MEDULLA HORMONES
- ____________:
- Sympathetic preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine, which stimulates secretion.
- Enhance effects of sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system (ANS) during stress.
A
Epinephrine and norepinephrine from chromaffin cells
[adrenal medulla]
16
Q
PANCREAS
A
acinar cells
pancreatic islets
* Alpha or A cells
* Beta or B cells
* Delta or D cells
* F cells
17
Q
- __________ from alpha cells of pancreatic islets:
- Decreased blood level of glucose, exercise, and mainly protein meals stimulate secretion; somatostatin and insulin inhibit secretion
- Raises blood glucose level by accelerating breakdown of glycogen into glucose in liver (glycogenolysis), converting other nutrients into glucose in liver (gluconeogenesis), and releasing glucose into blood.
- _______ from beta cells of pancreatic islets:
- Increased blood level of glucose, acetylcholine (released by parasympathetic vagus nerve fibers), arginine and leucine (two amino acids), glucagon, GIP, GH, and ACTH stimulate secretion; somatostatin inhibits secretion.
- Lowers blood glucose level by accelerating transport of glucose into cells, converting glucose into glycogen (glycogenesis), and decreasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; increases lipogenesis and stimulates protein synthesis.
A
- Glucagon from alpha cells of pancreatic islets
[alpha cell]
- Insulin from beta cells of pancreatic islets:
[beta cell]
PANCREAS
18
Q
- _________ from delta cells of pancreatic islets:
- Pancreatic polypeptide inhibits secretion.
- Inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon; slows absorption of nutrients from gastrointestinal tract. - _________ from F cells of pancreatic islets
- Meals containing protein, fasting, exercise, and acute hypoglycemia stimulate secretion; somatostatin and elevated blood glucose level Inhibit secretion.
- Inhibits somatostatin secretion, gallbladder contraction, and secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes.
A
- Somatostatin from delta cells of pancreatic islets
- delta cell - Pancreatic polypeptide from F cells of pancreatic islets
- F cell
PANCREAS
19
Q
OVARIAN HORMONES
- _________:
- Together with gonadotropic hormones of anterior pituitary, regulate female reproductive cycle, maintain pregnancy, prepare mammary glands for lactation, and promote development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics. - _________:
- Increases flexibility of pubic symphysis during pregnancy; helps dilate uterine cervix during labor and delivery. - _______:
- Inhibits secretion of FSH from anterior pituitary.
A
- Estrogens and progesterone
Ovary - Relaxin (RLX)
- Inhibin
GONADS
20
Q
TESTICULAR HORMONES
- _________:
- Stimulates descent of testes before birth; regulates sperm production; promotes development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics. - _________:
- Inhibits secretion of FSH from anterior pituitary.
A
- Testosterone
- Inhibin
GONADS
21
Q
- attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain at the midline
- cells: ________
A
- pinealocyct
PINEAL GLAND
22
Q
Secretion: _________
- an amine hormone derived from 5-HT
- contribute to the setting of the body’s biological clock
- thought to promote sleepiness
A
Melatonin
PINEAL GLAND
23
Q
- located behind the sternum between the lungs
- ___: promote the maturation of T cells
- may retard the aging process
A
- Fx
THYMUS GLAND
24
Q
Thymus Gland Secretion:
(4)
A
- thymosin
- thymic humoral factor (THF)
- thymic factor (TF)
- thymopoietin
25
Gastrointestinal Tract
- Gastrin
- Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)
- Secretin
- Cholecystokinin
26
Placenta
- Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
- Estrogens and progesterone
- Human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS)
27
Kidneys
- Renin
- Erythropoietin (EPO)
- Calcitriol* (active form of vitamin D)
28
Heart
- Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
29
Adipose Tissue
- Leptin
30
- Promotes secretion of gastric juice and increases movements of the stomach.
gastrin
(Gastrointestinal Tract)
31
Promotes secretion of bile, gastric juice and increases movements of the stomach
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)
(Gastrointestinal Tract)
32
Promotes secretion of gastric juice and increases movements of the stomach.
Secretin
(Gastrointestinal Tract)
33
Stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice
- regulates release of bile from the gallbladder
- brings about a feeling of fullness after eating
Cholecystokinin
(Gastrointestinal Tract)
34
Stimulates the corpus luteum in the ovary to continue the production of estrogens and progesterone to maintain pregnancy.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
(Placenta)
35
Maintain pregnancy and help prepare mammary glands to secrete milk.
Estrogens and progesterone
[Placenta]
36
Maintain pregnancy and help prepare mammary glands to secrete milk.
Human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS)
[Placenta]
37
Part of a sequence of reactions that raises blood pressure by bringing about vasoconstriction and secretion of aldosterone.
Renin
[Kidneys]
38
Increases rate of red blood cell formation.
Erythropoietin (EPO)
[Kidneys]
39
Aids in the absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus.
Calcitriol* (active form of vitamin D)
[Kidneys]
40
Decreases blood pressure.
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
- heart
41
Suppresses appetite and may increase the activity of FSH and LH.
Leptin
- Adipose Tissue
42
- tumor of the adrenal gland
- tumor that secretes ACTH
- cortisol hypersecretion
Signs and Symptoms:
- Moon face
- Buffalo hump
- Pendulous abdomen
- Flushed face
- Bruising
- Stretch marks
Surgery: __________
Drug therapy:
1. __________
2. __________
Surgery: transsphenoidal adenoidectomy
Drug therapy:
1. mifepristone
2. ketoconazole
Cushing’s Syndrome
43
- Autoimmune disorder Infections
- adrenal cortex destruction
- block ACTH from binding to its receptors
- Low cortisol levels
Signs and Symptoms:
- Mental lethargy
- Anorexia
- Weight loss
- Hypoglycemia
- Bronzed appearance
Drug therapy
1. __________
2. __________
3. __________
Drug therapy
1. glucocorticoids
2. mineralocorticoid
3. increasing sodium in diet
ADDISON'S DISEASE
44
- tumors of the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
- hypersecretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine
- Sympathetic hyperstimulation
Signs and Symptoms:
- High blood pressure
- Hyperglycemia
- Increased metabolic rate
- Nervousness
- Sweating
- Decreased gastrointestinal motility
Surgery: removal of tumor
Drug Therapy:
1. _________
2. _________
Drug Therapy:
1. alpha blockers
2. beta blockers
PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA
45
- Damage to pancreatic islet cells
- Inability to produce insulin
- Impaired glucose transport
- Increased serum glucose concentration
Signs and Symptoms:
- High levels of serum blood glucose
- Polydipsia
- Polyuria
- Polyphagia
DIABETES MELLITUS
46
- insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
- immune system destroys the pancreatic beta cells
→little or no insulin
- usually develops in people younger than age 20 and it persists throughout life
- most common in northern Europe, especially in Finland
Type 1 diabetes
47
- Co-morbidities include ketoacidosis, cerebrovascular insufficiency, ischemic heart disease, peripheral vacular disease, gangrene, cataracts, retinopathy, CKD
TXT:
- Lifestyle change
- Medication Therapy
- Insulin
- Transplantation
Type 1 diabetes
48
- non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
- more common and occurs in obese people who are over age 35
- diabetes arises not from a shortage of insulin but because target cells become less sensitive to it due to down-regulation of insulin receptors
TXT:
Lifestyle change
Medication Therapy
________
________
________
Type 2 diabetes
Metformin
Glyburide
Gliclazide
