holderness case study

Question 1

holderness key facts

Answer 1

60km flambourough head to spurn head
1m recede a yr (highest europe)
3 miles land lost and 20 villages since roman time

Question 2

where is holderness

Answer 2

NE england
yorkshire

Question 3

geology holderness

Answer 3

chalk flamborough head to north bridlington
- cave arch stack stump, wave cut platform
- horizontal bedding planes

boulder clay bridlington to spurn head
-slumping
-sandy beach from cliff erosion
- 1.7m lost per year
- 7m tidle range

spurn point
- 5k long sand spit
-salt marsh and mud flats behind
- hooked

Question 4

why so much erosion here

Answer 4

500-800Km NE fetch from Norway

warm atlantic ocean current circs N sea adding energy and inc freq destructive waves

depressions and winter storms cause big storm surges and higher sea levels.
more rain aswell so slumping occurs

sea floor very deep
little fricton
little wave energy absorbed

Question 5

LSD and beaches at holderness

Answer 5

N to S

narrow beaches due to small size of clay so easily removed
destructive waves so little deposition

ocean current meets outflow river humber, flow turbulent, sediment deposited, spurn head formed

Question 6

sub aerial processes at holderness

Answer 6

mechanical - wet and dry clay
rainwater saturated boulder clay

rotation slump
material removed in suspension

Question 7

man made processes

Answer 7

groynes
- caused terminal groyne syndrome

£1.9 mill on 2 rock groynes and granite barrier to protect mappleton
- erosion to S (great cowden) has trebled as beach starved and unprotected

Question 8

impact sea level holderness

Answer 8

slow eustatic rise
inc erosion and flooding

spurn head shrinking

Question 9

describe flambourough head

Answer 9

chalk resistant and horizontal bedding planes
- wave cut platform

vertical joints lead to cave and geo
wave refraction on headland leads to arch and stack

Question 10

describe holderness cliffs

Answer 10

boulder clay

rainwater enters and causes slump seawards
- inc by removing vegetation and urbansiation

waves remove slumped material and lsd transports it south (1/2 mill tonnes/yr)
cliffs unprotected
more erosion

Question 11

describe spurn head

Answer 11

sediment deposited
recurved
salt marsh and sand dune ecosystem behind

Question 12

what happened at barmston

Answer 12

storm drainage pipe trapped sediment
acted like groyne
led to term groyn syndrome
had to install rock armour

formed bay due to erosion

Question 13

what happened at ulrome

Answer 13

collapsed roads
forced caravan rollback

no defences
site abandoned

Question 14

what happened at skipsea

Answer 14

road collapsed into sea

no management

Question 15

what happened at bewholme atwick

Answer 15

roads into sea
pipes and cables visible

abandoned caravan park
land low economic val

Question 16

what happened at mappleton

Answer 16

substantial village so defences
lots slumping

boulder groynes
rip rap rock armour (from norway 2mill)
- large beach produced

term groyn synd
- huge crenulated bay

low value land lost

Question 16

what happened at hornsea

Answer 16

lots coastal management

concrete sea wall which got upgraded to recurved
wooden groynes
riprap to protect sea wall

Question 17

what happened at aldborough

Answer 17

roads and coastguard station into sea
nothing done

Question 18

what happened at tunstall

Answer 18

road into sea

nothing done as buildings far back

Question 19

what happened at withurnsea

Answer 19

well protected

large concrete recurved seawall
extensive riprap
wooden groynes

term groyne syndrome impact holiday park

Question 20

what happened at spurn

Answer 20

lsd deposited sediment form 3 mile long spit into river humber estuary

used to have groynes as there was road and settlement for pilot boat driver fams but no longer exist
- groynes stopped being maintained

not econ viable to continue

Question 21

stakeholders in holderness management

Answer 21

national government - have cut budget

local gov and environ agency - east riding council follow gov guidlines

stakeholders eg residents farmers - have no say

environmental stakeholders eg rspb - want cont breeding at spurn head so against groynes

insurance companies - wont insure people if no coastal protection

Question 22

how much holderness not protected

Answer 22

around 90%
low value farmland
not worth protecting

Question 23

public defences

Answer 23

paid by gov

bridlington/hornsea/mappleton/ withernsea
-key settlements and gas terminal at easington

Question 24

private defences

Answer 24

paid by land owners skipsea/ulrome temp planning permission from council to protect caravan parks

Question 25

why protect bridlington + what done

Answer 25

25,000 pop + tourists 4.7 of concrete sea walls timber groynes

Question 26

why protect skipsea + what done

Answer 26

780 pop by local land owner protect caravan site

Question 27

why protect hornsea + what done

Answer 27

pop 8800 + tourists 1.8km conc sea wall rip rap groynes beach nourishment steel doors guard beach entrance sand dunes planted

Question 28

why protect withernsea + what done

Answer 28

6,500 pop + tourist 2.2km recurved conc sea wall wood groynes riprap beach nourisment offshore rock armour reef

Question 29

why protect easington + what done

Answer 29

5000 pop + gas terminal 1km long revetments at terminal site - 133,000 tonnes rock cliff drainage cliffs erode either side reviewed in 25yrs to see if gas terminal still needed

Question 30

why protect spurn head + what done

Answer 30

no longer protected as not econ viable

Question 31

where is hold the line

Answer 31

bridlington withernsea hornsea mappleton easington

Question 32

where is do nothing

Answer 32

low populated areas

Question 33

where is managed retreat

Answer 33

roll back caravan parks

Question 34

how many SMP section

Answer 34

10

Question 35

what at section A

Answer 35

no intervention flambourough will erode

Question 36

what at section B

Answer 36

HTL - high econ land val from harbour and bridlington town marina developed retreat may need to occur

Question 37

what at section C

Answer 37

no intervention may need to maintain barmston drain - priv defences ulrome protecting caravan parks removed

Question 38

what at section D

Answer 38

HTL - protect hornsea as touism caravan park will erode more defences may needed

Question 39

what at section E

Answer 39

HTL only at mappleton conservation areas may be eroded assement for N-S transport links

Question 40

what at section F

Answer 40

HTL to protect withernsea more defenses may be needed

Question 41

what at section G

Answer 41

no intervention assesment N-S transport may be needed

Question 42

what at section H

Answer 42

HTL only at easington to protect gas terminal review if terminal still of econ interest in future term groyn syndrome

Question 43

what at section I

Answer 43

HTL at lagroon and kilnsea erosion of conservation area may occur

Question 44

what at section J

Answer 44

managed realignment to maintain integrity barrier if unsustainable limited management will be stopped