HOLOCAUST TEST REVIEW Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
Jews
A
Ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Hebrews of historical Israel and Judah
2
Q
Anti-Semitism
A
Prejudice or discrimination against Jews as individuals or as a group. They are based off stereotypes and myths
3
Q
Relationship between Jews and the Roman Empire
A
In 70CE, the Romans destroyed the Jewish temple and captured Jews to make them as slaves of the Roman Empire
4
Q
Treatment of Jews in biblical times (2):
A
Blamed for death of Jesus
- Christians believed Jews must suffer
5
Q
Secular
A
Denoting attitudes or activities that have no religious basis
6
Q
Nazi identity (9):
A
- Glorifies/demands devotion to the state
- Imperialistic
- Highly nationalistic
- In favour of censorship
- Aryan state
- Anti-communist
- Anti-Semitic
- Swastika
- Anti-LGBTQ
7
Q
6 basic ideas of Mein Kamph:
A
- Treaty of Versailles was a criminal act
- Leaders of the Weimar Republic were traitors
- Most of Germany’s problems were created by Jews
- Russian communism is bad
- German people needed more space (Lebensraum)
- Aryan state of Germans
8
Q
SS
A
Military group set up as personal bodyguards for Hitler, run by Heimrich Himmler. Main role was to serve as the Nazi Party’s own private police force. They were very loyal to Hitler so they listened to him when they were given orders to murder SA officers in the Night of the Long Knives
9
Q
SS significance
A
Responsible for genocide and committed several war crimes and crimes against humanity. They helped Hitler carry out the ‘Final Solution’
10
Q
Gestapo
A
Hitler’s secret police force. They arrested people who acted or spoke against Nazi ideas. They used methods like phone tapping, spying, etc to monitor the population
11
Q
Gestapo significance
A
Investigated espionage, and criminal acts. Responsible for deportations and round ups of Jews. They were important because they could act outside the laws to gain control through fear.
12
Q
First concentration camp (men and women)
A
Dachau 1933, and Morigen for women
13
Q
Who controlled concentration camps
A
SS
14
Q
Concentration camps significance
A
Boosted German economy during war and gave Hitler more control of society
15
Q
1938
A
SS started using camp inmates as slave labour for businesses
16
Q
The Law Courts
A
Hitler took control of the judiciary by setting up the NATIONAL SOCIALIST LEAGUE FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF THE LAW
17
Q
The Law of Courts significance
A
Enabled the Nazi’s to monitor the decisions of judges to ensure they followed Nazi Party priorities. It strengthened their control of society by punishing people for their political views
18
Q
Censorship
A
Used to restrict and ban information
19
Q
Minister of propaganda
A
Joseph Goebbels
20
Q
Leader of Luftwaffe, founder of Gestapo
A
Herman Gorring
21
Q
Controlled the SS
A
Himmler Heinrich
22
Q
Controlled the Gestapo
A
Himmler Heinrich
23
Q
Controlled SA before assassination
A
Ernest Rohm
24
Q
Deputy Fuhrer
A
Rudolph Hess
25
Controlled SD. Einsatzgruppen
Reinhard Heydrich
26
Hitler’s private secretory
Martin Bormann
27
Major holocaust perpetrator
Adolf Eichmann
28
Nuremburg Law
Anti-Semitic laws implemented by the Nazi Party to segregate the Jewish population from the Aryan society
29
Examples of some Nuremburg Laws (10:
- Fired from civil service jobs, hospitals, universities
- Not permitted to be lawyers, teachers, or judges
- Jewish children not permitted to attend school
- Must wear yellow star and loose citizenship in Germany
- No driver’s license
- No radios
- No gold and silver
- Curfew of 8pm-6am
- Can’t marry Christians
- Homes and businesses were confiscated
30
Boycott of Jewish businesses. Joseph Goebbels delivers speech to crowd urging Germans to boycott Jewish businesses
April 1, 1933
31
Implementation of Nuremburg Laws
September 15, 1935
32
Anschluss (Austria). Political union of Austria with Germany because Hitler wanted all German speaking nations in Europe to be a part of Germany
March 12, 1938
33
Evian conference. Conference to address the problem of German and Austrian Jewish refugees who are wishing to flee persecution by Nazi Germany
July 6 – 15, 1938
34
Night of broken glass (November pogrom). Was carried out by the SS and Nazi’s in Germany touched synagogues and vandalized Jewish homes, schools, and businesses as well as killing 100 Jews. 30,000 Jews were also arrested and sent to concentration camps
November 9/10, 1938
35
What weakness of the Weimar Republic made it possible for the Nazi Party to rise to power
Government and German Jews blamed for the loss of WWI
36
What characteristics of the Nazi Party appealed to voters
They were promised to be lift out of the depression, as well as increasing employment and security. They also used lots of technology and propaganda to appeal to people
37
How did Hitler come to power without being elected
Was asked to become a chancellor by President Hindenburg. However, Hindenburg died, and Hitler declared himself as president and chancellor so there were no one above or below him in rank. He also liked to blame everything on the Communists
38
How were Jews symbolized during emigration
Jewish passport stamps with a J
39
Segregating Jews into ghettos is what stage of genocide
Persecution
40
Officer who collaborated with the Nazis in the murder
Herman Gorring, founder of gestapo
41
How many Jews were exterminated by mobile killing squads in Latvia, Lithuania and Ukraine
At least 2 million
42
Which 5 camps received most deportations
Auschwitz, Belzec, Soblbor, Chelmno, Treblinka
43
Purpose of ghettos (3):
To contain Jews in 1 area of the city
- To obtain ownership of businesses and houses of Jews to give to Aryan citizens
- To decrease Jewish populations by starvation and disease
44
How many Jews were forced into Warsaw ghetto
40,000
45
What did Jews have to do to seal themselves into the ghetto (5):
Smuggled food from outside the ghetto
- created theatre/musical groups to put on secret performances
- organised schools
- created charity groups
- organised church services
46
True or false. No windows or doors were permitted to face the outside of the ghetto
True
47
Judenrat
Special Jewish councils with some power in the ghetto who answered to the SS and could make life or death decisions
48
What happened if someone died on the street and what did this mean for sanitation
Dead bodies left in street for collection, bodies were buried in mass graves because no room in the cemetery and the sanitation is too poor because too many people living in such a small area
49
Warsaw ghetto uprising
Armed Jews attacking German soldiers. It lasted about a month before the Nazis were able to organise and overrun the group, or killing or transporting them into death camps
50
Operation Reinhard
Between 250,000 to 300,000 Jews from the Warsaw ghetto were sent to their deaths at Treblinka
51
Einsatzgruppen
Paramilitary death sqauds in Nazi Germany responsible for mass murder by shooting during WW2
52
Pogrom
Russian word meaning to destroy, to wreak, to demolish violently
53
Dr Mengele
“Angel of death”. He was in charge of performing medical experiments of unspeakable horror during holocaust. His victims were put into pressure chambers, tested with drugs, castrated, and frozen to death. Children were also exposed to experimental surgeries and performed without anesthesia. He even performed sex change operations, removal or organ/limbs and attempted to change their eye colors
54
First concentration camp
Dachau 1933
55
Living conditions of concentration camps
Forced labour, overcrowding, poor sanitary conditions, starvations, cruel treatment
56
Auschwitz-Birkenau
Made up of 3 main camps (Auschwitz 1, Auschwitz 2 (Birkenau), Auschwitz 3 (Monowitz-Buna). It was combined with a concentration camp for forced labor and an extermination camp
57
Auschwitz 1
Featured a sign that said “work will set you free”
58
Zylon B
New killing method using poison gas
59
Arrival at a concentration camp
Starts with a selection. Men, women, children removed from trains and had valuables taken away. Nazi physician would quickly assess each persons health and then sent to either camps or gas chamber
60
People at disadvantage for camps
Disabled, pregnant women, babies, young children, elderly
61
Selected for death
Those who were selected for death were led to gas chambers where the doors would be shut and bolted. Afterwards, the prisoners were forced to remove hair, gold teeth/fillings and corpses were thrown in the crematoria
62
Selected for work
Clothes and belongings taken away. Showered and heads shaved and striped uniform with tattooed identification #
63
Life expectancy for forced labourers
6 months due to starvations, disease, and physical work
64
Badge system for prisoners
Classified by colored triangles on uniform so that Nazi officials could know if they were Jewish, Roma, homosexuals, political prisoners, etc
65
Liberation
Auschwitz was liberated by Soviet troops JANUARY 27 1945
66
Adolf Eichmann
The executioner
67
Joseph Goebbels
Minister of propaganda
68
Herman Gorring
Leader of lustwaffe
69
Rudolph Hess
Deputy Fuhrer and the person who Mein Kamph was dictated to by Hitler
70
Reinhard Heydrich
Controlled the SD (security and intelligence of SS)
71
Heinrich Himmler
Controlled SS and Gestapo
72
Ernest Rohm
Controlled the SA before assassination
73
Martin Bormann
Hitlers private secretary
74
When were concentration camps first built my Nazis
March 1933
75
Who commanded Auschwitz
Rudolf Hess
76
Kapos
Prisoner who were given privileges in return for supervising prisoner work gangs. They blurred the lines between collaborator, perpetrator, and victim
77
Commandos
Basic unit of organization of slave laborers in German concentration camps
78
Blockalteste
German Jew. Concentration camp inmate appointed to be leader of a barrack. Highest position a prisoner could reach
79
Why are we unsure of the exact number murdered at Auschwitz
Most evidence were destroyed or gone so there are no single document which lists all victims involved in the persecution. However, there are conclusive evidence.
80
Conclusive evidence of death toll
Variety of letters, train schedules, photographs, bills, speeches, statistical summaries, and testimonies from eyewitnesses from commandos, perpetrators, townspeople, SS guards, etc.
81
How many Gypsies/roma were murdered at Auschwitz
At least 19,000 of the 23,000 Roma who were sent to Auschwitz died at the camp. However, estimates outside the camp, or at different camps reach even as high at 1.5 million
82
Wansee conference
Meeting of senior government officials of Nazi Germany and SS leaders to discuss details of the “Final Solution” of Jewish question
83
When was Wannsee conference
January 20, 1942
84
Where is Wannsee located
Outside Berlin
85
Wannsee protocol
Additional instruction/clarification of deportation and extermination process
86
Who led Wannsee conference
Eichmann and Heydrich
87
Wannsee conference 10 STAGES OF GENOCIDE
Preparation
88
What was decided at Wannsee
NETWORK OF EXTERMINATION CAMPS TO BE ESTABLISHED. Jews to be deployed under appropriate supervision at a suitable form of labor. They will be separated by gender, able bodied Jews brought to regions to build roads and a large number will be lost through natural reduction
89
What was Zyclon and Cyclon used for before humans
It was a cyanide-based pesticide that intereferes with cellular respiration. Used to delouse clothing and fumigating ships and warehouses
90
Treblinka
Extermination camp built and operated by Nazis in Poland
91
4 crimes addressed at Nuremburg:
- Crimes against peace; planning or initiating wars of aggression in violation to treaties
- Crimes against humanity; extermination, deportation, genocide
- War crimes; Violation of crimes that were in place before WWII
- Conspiracy to commit above crimes
92
Significance of Nuremburg
Used simultaneous interpretation to instantly translate one language to another
93
War Crime
During times of conflict, examples include willful killing, torture, willfully causing injury, extensive seizure/destruction of property, unlawful deportations and hostage
94
Crimes against humanity
Both in times of war and peace, examples include murder/extermination, enslavement, torture, rape, etc
95
Difference between war crime and crimes against humanity
– War crimes only committed during an armed conflict. Crimes against humanity committed against civilians and may be done as part of a widespread or systematic attack upon a population
96
How many Jews Killed
6 million?
