Homeostasis

Question 1

Most mammals are warm-blooded or_____. Reptilians and fish are ____.

Answer 1

Endotherms

Ectotherms

Question 2

Normal internal body temperature range

Answer 2

36.1-37.6 C

Question 3

What is released when you burn glucose?

Answer 3

Heat+CO2+H20

Question 4

Hydrocarbon bonds store energy where?

Answer 4

C-C, C-O and C-H Covalent Bonds

Question 5

How is energy released from hydrocarbons?

Answer 5

When C-C, C-O and C-H covalent bonds are broken, energy is released

Question 6

Where does heat production occur in your body?

Answer 6

In every cell: in muscles, neurons, gastrointestinal tract, liver, skin,… Blood equilibrates the heat throughout the body (just like water in a radiator)

Question 7

How is CO2 expelled from your body?

Answer 7

Lungs

Question 8

How is H20 expelled from the body?

Answer 8

Via the kidney into urine

Question 9

One’s hypothalamus can be reset during an infection via ____?

Answer 9

endogenous pyrogens

Question 10

endogenous pyrogens

Answer 10

cytokines produced by immune cells; major endogenous pyrogens are interleukin 1 and interleukin 6

Question 11

Heat loss mechanisms

Answer 11

Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Evaporation

Question 12

Responses when it is cold?

Answer 12

Increase in SNS activity
Vasoconstriction of the skin
Shivering
Release of epinephrine 
Dawning more clothes

Question 13

Countercurrent exhange?

Answer 13

Heat is transferred from arteries (containing warm blood) to veins (containing cool blood)

Question 14

Responses when it is too hot?

Answer 14

SNS activity
Vasodilation of the skin
SNS activity to sweat glands

Question 15

Describe the feedback control loop for temperature

Answer 15

maintaining core temperature at 37C->sensors in the hypothalamus->heat production/heat loss/behavioral responses

Question 16

Feedback loop for arterial blood pressure

Answer 16

Pa (BP)->sensors in the carotid arteries and aorta->cardiac output and vasoconstriction

Question 17

Feedback look for respiratory

Answer 17

CO2/H20/H+->central sensors in the medulla and peripheral sensors in carotid arteries and aorta->lung ventilation

Question 18

Normal amount of CO2 in blood

Answer 18

40 mmHg

Question 19

Symptoms of CO2 poisoning:

Answer 19

Dimmed sight
Reduced hearing
Drowsiness
Mild narcosis
Dizziness
Confusion
Headache
Unconsciousness
Sweating
Shortness of breath
tremor
Increased HR and BP

Question 20

Feedback control loop for glucose

Answer 20

Blood glucose->alpha and beta cells in the islets of Langerhans in pancreas->Liver and muscles glycogenglucose

Question 21

Severe issue that occurs with hypokalemia or hyperkalema?

Answer 21

Abnormal heart rhythm

Question 22

Feedback control for K (potassium) or Ca+ (calcium)

Answer 22

K or Ca+->sensors in the kidney->kidney

Question 23

Severe side effects of low calcium

Answer 23

Rickets which can lead to Osteomalacia

Question 24

Vitamin D and calcium

Answer 24

Is responsible for enhancing absorption of calcium

Question 25

How can you avoid vitamin D deficiency?

Answer 25

Spend at least 10 minutes a day in the sun

Question 26

What does blood transport?

Answer 26

``` nutrients oxygen waste products heat immune system cells ```

Question 27

Name two blood disorder

Answer 27

Spherocytosis | Sickle cell

Question 28

All cells have millions of uniquely shaped molecules (____) on the surface of their membrane. Immune system evolved special proteins, called ____, to bind very selectively to those uniquely shaped molecules Therefore, we call these uniquely shaped molecules: ___ (antibody generators)

Answer 28

glycoproteins antibodies antigens

Question 29

Roles of antibodies:

Answer 29

1. They mark bacteria and other intruders for destruction by macrophages 2. In the environment where bacteria reproduce fast, antibodies clamp bacteria together, the process called agglutination (from “glue”) = clumping of particles together.

Question 30

The only way a person is exposed to Rh (Rhesus) antigen is:

Answer 30

when a Rh- mother is giving a birth to Rh+ child.

Question 31

Rhesus is a type of ____

Answer 31

Antigen

Question 32

How can an Rh- mother who received the Rh antibodies from previous child impact her next fetus?

Answer 32

Anti-Rh antibodies are present in the mother and cross over the placenta in the next pregnancy. Then RBC's of fetus are agglutinated which leads to hemolytic disease that causes a lot of bilirubin crystals to accumulate in the brain leading to brain damage

Question 33

How does penicillin work?

Answer 33

Bacteria constantly remodel their peptidoglycan cell walls, simultaneously building and breaking down portions of the cell wall as they grow and divide. Penicillin inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in the bacterial cell wall Bacteria that attempt to grow and divide in the presence of penicillin fail to do so, and instead end up shedding their cell walls.

Question 34

Who discovered penicillin?

Answer 34

Fleming

Question 35

Why would a person who is severely cold lose their pulse?

Answer 35

Action potentials do not work when it is really cold