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Biology A2 > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

This is maintaining a constant internal environment and reaching a ‘steady state’

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2
Q

What are some conditions within the body that should be kept constant?

A

Body temperature
Blood pH
Water content of blood
Blood glucose concentration

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3
Q

What homeostatic function is the kidney involved in?

A

Osmoregulation

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4
Q

Why is homeostasis important?

A

Temperature regulation to avoid the denaturation of enzymes

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5
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

It helps to prevent lysis or crenation of cells

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6
Q

What does crenation mean?

A

Shrivel or go wrinkly

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7
Q

What is meant by the word ‘lysis’?

A

To split or burst

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8
Q

What do homeostatic mechanisms use and why?

A

They use negative feedback to maintain a constant value

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9
Q

What will happen to the corrective mechanism when the change is bigger?

A

The corrective mechanism becomes better

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10
Q

When change occurs what automatically will appear?

A

A corrective mechanism

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11
Q

What are 2 characteristics of the kidney?

A

Homeostatic organ
Involved in excretion

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12
Q

What is excretion?

A

Removal of toxic waste products of metabolic processes from the body - urea is the most common

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13
Q

What process is the kidney involved in?

A

Involved in osmoregulation

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14
Q

What makes or causes urea?

A

The breakdown of excess amino acids and nucleic acids in the liver

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15
Q

What makes or forms creatinine?

A

The degradation of a molecule involved in ATP generation

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16
Q

What do kidneys help to maintain?

A

Water potential of body fluids

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17
Q

What excretion are the lungs involved in?

A

The excretion of carbon dioxide

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18
Q

What do the kidneys excrete?

A

Urea
Creatinine

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19
Q

What is the role of the kidneys?

A

The removal of nitrogen containing waste products such as urea and creatinine

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20
Q

Where does urine exit the body?

A

Via the urethra

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21
Q

What muscle controls the flow of urine?

A

The sphincter muscle

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22
Q

When excretory products enter the ureter where are they stored?

A

In the bladder

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23
Q

What is a nephron?

A

The functional unit of the kidney

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24
Q

How many nephrons are there per kidney?

A

1,000,000

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25
Q

What 4 parts does each kidney consist of?

A

Bowman’s capsule
The proximal convoluted (coiled) tubule
The Loop of Henle
The distil convoluted tubule

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26
Q

When nephrons join what do they form?

A

A collecting duct

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27
Q

What is the point of the collecting duct?

A

Transfers fluid (urine) towards the renal pelvis

28
Q

What are the 2 stages that urine production occur in?

A

Ultrafiltration
Reabsorption

29
Q

What happens during the stage ultrafiltration?

A

glomerular plasma is filtered into Bowman’s capsule at high pressure.
Filtrate contains both useful and toxic molecules

30
Q

What happens during the stage of reabsorption?

A

Useful substances are reabsorbed into the blood stream

31
Q

What are some useful substances that will have to be reabsorbed?

A

Glucose
Amino acids

32
Q

What are some toxic molecules that are released through the urine?

A

Urea
Creatinine

33
Q

What is the bowman’s capsule also known as?

A

The filter

34
Q

What are the 2 layers that the Bowman’s capsule consist of?

A

Epithelium - outer layer
Squamous (thin) endothelium of the blood capillaries in the glomerulus - inner layer

35
Q

What way are the capsule epithelial cells arranged and what is their name?

A

Arranged in an irregular network and are called podocytes

36
Q

What are podocytes?

A

Footed cells

37
Q

What are found between the minor processes?

A

Filtration slits

38
Q

What do these filtration slits allow for?

A

The passage of all constituents of blood plasma but not blood cells

39
Q

What do pores allow for?

A

The passage of blood plasma, including proteins

40
Q

What is the role of the basement membrane?

A

To act as a barrier to plasma proteins

41
Q

What is the basement membrane also known as?

A

It is also the dialysing membrane responsible for ultra-filtration

42
Q

What is the proximal convoluted tubule involved in?

A

Involved in selection reabsorption

43
Q

What does the proximal convoluted tubule contain?

A

Cuboidal epithelial cells
Numerous mitochondria
Microvilli

44
Q

Why does the proximal convoluted tubule contain mitochondria?

A

For ATP synthesis, active transport and aerobic respiration

45
Q

Why does the proximal convoluted tubule contain microvilli and basal invaginations?

A

To increase the surface area for reabsorption

46
Q

What are the 2 stages of urine production?

A

Ultrafiltration
Reabsorption

47
Q

What is ultrafiltration?

A

Glomerular plasma is filtered into Bowman’s capsule at high pressure
Filtrate contains both useful and toxic molecules

48
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

Useful substances are reabsorbed into the blood stream

49
Q

What is the collecting duct?

A

Transfers urine towards the pelvis

50
Q

What is the role of the distil convoluted tubule?

A

Adjusts the ionic composition and the Ph of blood
Toxic substances are secreted into the filtrate

51
Q

Where does the loop of Henle make the tissue fluid?

A

In the medulla hypertonic

52
Q

What does the work hypertonic mean?

A

More concentrated with mineral ions

53
Q

What is the Loop of Henle also known as?

A

The formation of a salt bath

54
Q

What is the purpose of this?

A

To reabsorb water into the blood

55
Q

How does the loop of Henle reabsorb water?

A

It pumps sodium and chloride ions out of the filtrate into the surrounding tissue fluid

56
Q

Where do salt ions leave via?

A

The ascending limb

57
Q

What is special about the descending limb?

A

It is impermeable to ions (sodium and chloride)
It is permeable to water

58
Q

How does water leave the descending limb?

A

It leaves by osmosis

59
Q

What happens to the water as it descends further down the loop of Henle?

A

The water or the filtrate becomes more concentrated

60
Q

In the ascending limbs what will happen to the ions?

A

The ions are actively transported out of the filtrate into the surrounding tissue

61
Q

Why does water not follow by osmosis in the ascending limb?

A

It is impermeable to water

62
Q

What will happen to the tissue fluid now that the ions have moved out and what happens to the filtrate?

A

Tissue fluid - hypertonic
Filtrate - hypotonic

63
Q

Where is the filtrate most concentrated?

A

At the base of the loop

64
Q

If the filtrate is more concentrated at the base of the loop then what will this mean for the tissue fluid?

A

It is more concentrated at the base of the medulla

65
Q

What happens in the distil convoluted tube?

A

Certain substances are actively transported from the blood into the filtrate

66
Q

What is one adaptation of the distil convoluted tubule?

A

Has a brush of microvilli with numerous membrane pumps for active transport

67
Q

What is the secretion within the DCT regulated by?

A

ADH - Antidiuretic Hormone

Biology A2 (8 decks)

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