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BODY LOGISTICS > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

“the ability or tendency of a living organism, cell, or tissue to keep the conditions inside it the same despite any changes in the conditions around it, or maintaining a state of internal balance”

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2
Q

“Homeo” and “Stasis” Meaning

A

Homeostasis is defined as:
Homeo = sameness and stasis = standing still

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3
Q

What needs to be maintained constant in the internal Environment (6)

A
  • Gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide
  • Nutrients, glucose, amino acids, electrolytes
  • Waste products: ammonia, water
  • Temperature (for enzymes)
  • pH
  • Water (volume and pressure) - Leads to explosion of cells
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4
Q

What technique is used to maintain Homeostasis

A

(Posative and Negative) Feedback loops

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5
Q

what are the 4 stages of the feedback loop

A

Stimulus - Sensor - Control Centre - Effector

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6
Q

Difference between Positive and Negative Feedback loop

A

Positive feedback loops enhance or amplify changes; this tends to move a system away from its equilibrium state and make it more unstable. Negative feedbacks tend to dampen or buffer changes; this tends to hold a system to some equilibrium state making it more stable.
Positive increases Stimulus
Negative Reduced Stimulus

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7
Q

What is the core Body Temp

A

Stated as 37 ± 0.5 °C (source NHS)

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8
Q

5 ways of Measuring Temperature, and how to use

A
  • Infra-red skin thermometer - Point it at head
  • Tympanic thermometer - goes in the inner ear
  • Temporal film - Strip that changes colour ( goes on head )
  • Oral/rectal/axillary thermometer - Goes in the Armpit
  • Traditional - Tube Filled With mercury (Dangerous as it may break)
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9
Q

What feedback loop controls temperature Change

A

Negative Feedback loop

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10
Q

What Happens when it gets Too HOT (4)

A
  • Vasodilation
    Arterioles dilate (Enlarge) so more blood can go to skin capillaries and heat is lost
  • Sweating
    Sudorific Glands Secrete Sweat which removes heat when water changes state
  • Pilorelaxation
    The Hair flattens
  • Streching Out
    Increases surface area by opening up body
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11
Q

What happens when is gets Too COLD (4)

A
  • Vasoconstriction
    Arterioles get smaller and reduce blood going to the skin
  • Shivering
    Rapid contraction and relaxing of skeletal muscle muscles. The heat is produced by respiration.
  • Piloerection
    Hairs on Skin Stand up
  • Curling Up
    Smaller SA for less heat loss
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12
Q

The function of the Hypothalamus

A

Is the Control Centre and the Sensor along with Skin

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13
Q

Effectors for Temperature Control (5)

A
  • Muscles
  • Blood Vessels
  • Hairs on skin
  • Fat - babies have brown fat
  • Sweat glands
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14
Q

What is Heat Exhaustion and what Symptoms

A

(>40°C) Unconsciousness/fitting/seizures, confused/restless Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable

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15
Q

What is Heat Stroke and what Symptoms

A

(> 40°C) Flushed dry skin, hot to the touch, strong bounding pulse

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16
Q

What is Fever and what Symptoms

A

(>38°C) Pale sweaty skin, cramps in stomach, arms and legs

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17
Q

Normal Temps

A

(36.5-37.5°C) Normal core body temperature

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18
Q

Mild Hypothermia and what symptoms

A

(32.1-35°C) Shivering, Fatigue, Slurred speech, Confusion Forgetfulness, muscle stiffness

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19
Q

Severe Hypothermia and what symptoms

A

(28.0- 32.0°C) Shivering stops, muscles become rigid, very slow and weak pulse
Noticeable drowsiness

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20
Q

No vital signs and what symptoms

A

Severe reduction in response levels
Unconsciousness, dilated pupils, pulse undetectable Appearance of death
NB Below 28°C = Not dead UNTIL WARM AND DEAD!

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21
Q

What is the normal PH

A

Ph 7.35 - 7.45

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22
Q

What is the Gastric PH

A

Between 1.5 and 3.5

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23
Q

What can happen if gastric acid gets into the oesophagus

A

If gastric acid gets into the oesophagus can cause severe problems (oesophagitis, stricture). This is the closing of the oesophagus

24
Q

What happens if the stomach loses its mucus protection

A

If the stomach loses its protection (mucus) can lead to gastric ulceration and perforation.

25
Q

What are the Limits to human Tissue survival PH

A

The limits of human tissue survival are from pH 6.8 to 7.8

26
Q

What is the relationship between pH and [H+]

A

A change in [H+] by a factor of 2 causes a pH change of 0.3
If you remember that:
at pH 7.4 the [H+] is 40 nM and a pH change of 0.3 either
doubles or halves [H+] at many other pH values

27
Q

Where do we get Blood sample

A

Arterial Blood Gas, (Analysis of pH and gases in an arterial blood sample)

28
Q

What is the buffering system for ICF (2)

A

Phosphate buffer System and protein buffer system

29
Q

What is the buffering system for the ECF (2)

A

Carbonic acid - Bicarbonate buffer system
and protein buffer system

30
Q

what do protein buffer systems include (3)

A

Haemoglobin Buffer system (RBC only)
Amino Acid Buffer System (all proteins)
Plasma Protein buffers

31
Q

how to neutralise acids

A

Clinical relevance:
* antacids neutralise acids
* solubility is a factor

aluminium hydroxide is MILDLY alkaline, but insoluble so is a good acid neutraliser

32
Q

What percentaged of our body is water

A

60 %

33
Q

Split between intra and extra cellular water

A

INTRA = 1/3 EXTRA = 2/3

34
Q

how much water is needed each day

A

Aprox 6-8 cups water
2.5 litres of FLUID

35
Q

from Extra Cellular Fluid how is the eater split

A

75 % interstitial fluid
25 % plasma

36
Q

what happens if you don’t have the right water level

A
  • Not enough – dehydration and cell, tissue, organism death
  • Too much – toxicity, metabolic failure and cell, tissue, organism death
37
Q

How Does Total Body Water vary Between Male Female and Infant

A

Infant - Highest at 70 % normal
Male - Middle at 60 % normal
Female - Lowest at 50 % normal

38
Q

How does total body water vary between normal obese and lean

A

Lean - Highest
Normal - Middle
Obese - Lowest

39
Q

Iso, Hypo and Hyper definition

A
  • Iso = the same amount of water on both sides of the plasma membrane
  • Hypo = more water outside the cell
  • Hyper = less water outside the cell
40
Q

what is osmosis

A

The movement of water is always down its concentration gradient by diffusion – process is called osmosis

41
Q

What is OSMOLALITY

A
  • It is a function of the
    concentration of particles
    in solution (expressed in
    milliOsmoles
    (mOsm/kg))
42
Q

Osmolality – important clinical measurement how to calculate them
* Sodium is 140 mmol/L
* Potassium is 5 mmol/L
* Urea is 5 mmol/L
* Glucose is 5 mmol/L

A

Total = 300mOsm/kg

sodium and potassium associate with chloride ions thus double as
* Sodium is 140 mmol/L + 140 cl -
* Potassium is 5 mmol/L + 5 cl -

43
Q

what happens if there isn’t enough water

A
  • Cells and tissues initially absorb water from interstitial space
  • Then from each other (sacrifice of cells)
  • Then as tissues die, water absorbed from
    organs
  • Then as organs die, water absorbed from brain, liver and lastly kidney and heart
44
Q

What happens if there is TOO much water

A
  • Osmotic pressure high
  • Cells absorb water and swell
  • Enzyme and proteins stop working * Cells keep swelling until they burst
45
Q

clinical importance - how to help when too much water

A
  • Patients need isotonic solutions
  • i.e. IV drips need physiological saline concentrations (0.9% NaCl)
46
Q

What is the Aquaporin

A

Aquaporins (AQP) are integral membrane proteins that serve as channels in the transfer of water, and in some cases, small solutes across the membrane.

47
Q

Why do different aquaporin isoforms exist

A

Different aquaporin protein isoforms exist often on different sides of cells have different affinities for water -
some slow some fast
* Allows for discrete water flow

48
Q

how does glycerol affect water flow

A

different amount if glycerol in bilayer,
a lot pulls open channel allowing water to flow in

49
Q

What is Oedema

A

Oedema is a build-up of fluid in the body which causes the affected tissue to become swollen

50
Q

When does oedema occur

A

Hydrostatic pressure>osmotic pressure

51
Q

what is peripheral oedema

A

Peripheral oedema is commonly called ‘swollen ankles’ or ‘ankle
swelling’, resulting from the retention of fluid.

52
Q

what is albumen

A

protein found in blood that creates oncotic pressure

53
Q

Why do you get Oedema from liver failure?

A

Patients with liver failure cant produce Albumen thus capillaries are more likely to leak

54
Q

Why do you get Oedema with lymphatic system failure

A

Water leaked from capillaries is usually picked by the lymphatic system and returned to bloodstream, without it water is not picked and thus cell starts to swell.

55
Q

what are fenestrations

A

small gaps within capillaries

56
Q

what happens when you damage fenestrations

A

Damage from a burn, crash etc causes fenestrations to enlarge thus albumen can leak out, albumen sucks out water with them, ( oncotic pressure goes outside bloodstream) , which causes swelling , and less 02 to cells

BODY LOGISTICS (16 decks)

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