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BODY LOGISTICS > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

“the ability or tendency of a living organism, cell, or tissue to keep the conditions inside it the same despite any changes in the conditions around it, or maintaining a state of internal balance”

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2
Q

“Homeo” and “Stasis” Meaning

A

Homeostasis is defined as:
Homeo = sameness and stasis = standing still

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3
Q

What needs to be maintained constant in the internal Environment (6)

A
  • Gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide
  • Nutrients, glucose, amino acids, electrolytes
  • Waste products: ammonia, water
  • Temperature (for enzymes)
  • pH
  • Water (volume and pressure) - Leads to explosion of cells
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4
Q

What technique is used to maintain Homeostasis

A

(Posative and Negative) Feedback loops

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5
Q

what are the 4 stages of the feedback loop

A

Stimulus - Sensor - Control Centre - Effector

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6
Q

Difference between Positive and Negative Feedback loop

A

Positive feedback loops enhance or amplify changes; this tends to move a system away from its equilibrium state and make it more unstable. Negative feedbacks tend to dampen or buffer changes; this tends to hold a system to some equilibrium state making it more stable.
Positive increases Stimulus
Negative Reduced Stimulus

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7
Q

What is the core Body Temp

A

Stated as 37 ± 0.5 °C (source NHS)

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8
Q

5 ways of Measuring Temperature, and how to use

A
  • Infra-red skin thermometer - Point it at head
  • Tympanic thermometer - goes in the inner ear
  • Temporal film - Strip that changes colour ( goes on head )
  • Oral/rectal/axillary thermometer - Goes in the Armpit
  • Traditional - Tube Filled With mercury (Dangerous as it may break)
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9
Q

What feedback loop controls temperature Change

A

Negative Feedback loop

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10
Q

What Happens when it gets Too HOT (4)

A
  • Vasodilation
    Arterioles dilate (Enlarge) so more blood can go to skin capillaries and heat is lost
  • Sweating
    Sudorific Glands Secrete Sweat which removes heat when water changes state
  • Pilorelaxation
    The Hair flattens
  • Streching Out
    Increases surface area by opening up body
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11
Q

What happens when is gets Too COLD (4)

A
  • Vasoconstriction
    Arterioles get smaller and reduce blood going to the skin
  • Shivering
    Rapid contraction and relaxing of skeletal muscle muscles. The heat is produced by respiration.
  • Piloerection
    Hairs on Skin Stand up
  • Curling Up
    Smaller SA for less heat loss
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12
Q

The function of the Hypothalamus

A

Is the Control Centre and the Sensor along with Skin

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13
Q

Effectors for Temperature Control (5)

A
  • Muscles
  • Blood Vessels
  • Hairs on skin
  • Fat - babies have brown fat
  • Sweat glands
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14
Q

What is Heat Exhaustion and what Symptoms

A

(>40°C) Unconsciousness/fitting/seizures, confused/restless Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable

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15
Q

What is Heat Stroke and what Symptoms

A

(> 40°C) Flushed dry skin, hot to the touch, strong bounding pulse

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16
Q

What is Fever and what Symptoms

A

(>38°C) Pale sweaty skin, cramps in stomach, arms and legs

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17
Q

Normal Temps

A

(36.5-37.5°C) Normal core body temperature

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18
Q

Mild Hypothermia and what symptoms

A

(32.1-35°C) Shivering, Fatigue, Slurred speech, Confusion Forgetfulness, muscle stiffness

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19
Q

Severe Hypothermia and what symptoms

A

(28.0- 32.0°C) Shivering stops, muscles become rigid, very slow and weak pulse
Noticeable drowsiness

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20
Q

No vital signs and what symptoms

A

Severe reduction in response levels
Unconsciousness, dilated pupils, pulse undetectable Appearance of death
NB Below 28°C = Not dead UNTIL WARM AND DEAD!

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21
Q

What is the normal PH

A

Ph 7.35 - 7.45

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22
Q

What is the Gastric PH

A

Between 1.5 and 3.5

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23
Q

What can happen if gastric acid gets into the oesophagus

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A

If gastric acid gets into the oesophagus can cause severe problems (oesophagitis, stricture). This is the closing of the oesophagus

24
Q

What happens if the stomach loses its mucus protection

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A

If the stomach loses its protection (mucus) can lead to gastric ulceration and perforation.

25
What are the Limits to human Tissue survival PH
The limits of human tissue survival are from pH 6.8 to 7.8
26
What is the relationship between pH and [H+]
A change in [H+] by a factor of 2 causes a pH change of 0.3 If you remember that: at pH 7.4 the [H+] is 40 nM and a pH change of 0.3 either doubles or halves [H+] at many other pH values
27
Where do we get Blood sample
Arterial Blood Gas, (Analysis of pH and gases in an arterial blood sample)
28
What is the buffering system for ICF (2)
Phosphate buffer System and protein buffer system
29
What is the buffering system for the ECF (2)
Carbonic acid - Bicarbonate buffer system and protein buffer system
30
what do protein buffer systems include (3)
Haemoglobin Buffer system (RBC only) Amino Acid Buffer System (all proteins) Plasma Protein buffers
31
how to neutralise acids
Clinical relevance: * antacids neutralise acids * solubility is a factor aluminium hydroxide is MILDLY alkaline, but insoluble so is a good acid neutraliser
32
What percentaged of our body is water
60 %
33
Split between intra and extra cellular water
INTRA = 1/3 EXTRA = 2/3
34
how much water is needed each day
Aprox 6-8 cups water 2.5 litres of FLUID
35
from Extra Cellular Fluid how is the eater split
75 % interstitial fluid 25 % plasma
36
what happens if you don't have the right water level
* Not enough – dehydration and cell, tissue, organism death * Too much – toxicity, metabolic failure and cell, tissue, organism death
37
How Does Total Body Water vary Between Male Female and Infant
Infant - Highest at 70 % normal Male - Middle at 60 % normal Female - Lowest at 50 % normal
38
How does total body water vary between normal obese and lean
Lean - Highest Normal - Middle Obese - Lowest
39
Iso, Hypo and Hyper definition
* Iso = the same amount of water on both sides of the plasma membrane * Hypo = more water outside the cell * Hyper = less water outside the cell
40
what is osmosis
The movement of water is always down its concentration gradient by diffusion – process is called osmosis
41
What is OSMOLALITY
* It is a function of the concentration of particles in solution (expressed in milliOsmoles (mOsm/kg))
42
Osmolality – important clinical measurement how to calculate them * Sodium is 140 mmol/L * Potassium is 5 mmol/L * Urea is 5 mmol/L * Glucose is 5 mmol/L
Total = 300mOsm/kg sodium and potassium associate with chloride ions thus double as * Sodium is 140 mmol/L + 140 cl - * Potassium is 5 mmol/L + 5 cl -
43
what happens if there isn't enough water
* Cells and tissues initially absorb water from interstitial space * Then from each other (sacrifice of cells) * Then as tissues die, water absorbed from organs * Then as organs die, water absorbed from brain, liver and lastly kidney and heart
44
What happens if there is TOO much water
* Osmotic pressure high * Cells absorb water and swell * Enzyme and proteins stop working * Cells keep swelling until they burst
45
clinical importance - how to help when too much water
* Patients need isotonic solutions * i.e. IV drips need physiological saline concentrations (0.9% NaCl)
46
What is the Aquaporin
Aquaporins (AQP) are integral membrane proteins that serve as channels in the transfer of water, and in some cases, small solutes across the membrane.
47
Why do different aquaporin isoforms exist
Different aquaporin protein isoforms exist often on different sides of cells have different affinities for water - some slow some fast * Allows for discrete water flow
48
how does glycerol affect water flow
different amount if glycerol in bilayer, a lot pulls open channel allowing water to flow in
49
What is Oedema
Oedema is a build-up of fluid in the body which causes the affected tissue to become swollen
50
When does oedema occur
Hydrostatic pressure>osmotic pressure
51
what is peripheral oedema
Peripheral oedema is commonly called ‘swollen ankles’ or ‘ankle swelling’, resulting from the retention of fluid.
52
what is albumen
protein found in blood that creates oncotic pressure
53
Why do you get Oedema from liver failure?
Patients with liver failure cant produce Albumen thus capillaries are more likely to leak
54
Why do you get Oedema with lymphatic system failure
Water leaked from capillaries is usually picked by the lymphatic system and returned to bloodstream, without it water is not picked and thus cell starts to swell.
55
what are fenestrations
small gaps within capillaries
56
what happens when you damage fenestrations
Damage from a burn, crash etc causes fenestrations to enlarge thus albumen can leak out, albumen sucks out water with them, ( oncotic pressure goes outside bloodstream) , which causes swelling , and less 02 to cells

BODY LOGISTICS (16 decks)

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