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foundations of medicine > homeostasis and cells > Flashcards

homeostasis and cells Flashcards

1
Q

major systems maintaining health and optimal homeostasis

A

nervous and endocrine system

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2
Q

define homeostasis

A

homeostasis monitors the bodies environment for changes and signals mechanisms to prevent disturbance and maintain optimum conditions

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3
Q

what is the importance of maintaining consistency of the internal environemnts

A

failure to compensate for external changes can cause illness or disease

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4
Q

what is negative feedback

A

the original condition is removed/becomes switched off by the response

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5
Q

what is feedforward control

A

additional receptors are used to anticipate change and activate response before initial disturbance

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6
Q

how is water split in the body

A

2/3 ICL
1/3 ECL

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7
Q

barrier between plasma and interstitial fluid

A

blood vessel capillary wall which is permeable to everything but plasma protein and blood cells

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8
Q

barrier between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid

A

cell membrane which has selective permeability

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9
Q

what is dilution principle

A

c=m/v

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10
Q

how could you find plasma fluid volume

A

evans blue or l125 radioactive albumin attach to plasma proteins

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11
Q

how would you find extracellular volume

A

requires something that freely crosses capillary walls but not cell membranes e.g inulin, Cl or Na

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12
Q

how would you find total body water

A

no barrier for water in the body so loading dose of deuterated water is used and volume is calculated by:

ISF= ECP-PV , ICF = TBW-ECF

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13
Q

what are the structures present in all cell types

A
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosome
  • cell (plasma) membrane
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14
Q

role of the nucleus

A

contains DNA and are sites of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal assembly

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15
Q

role of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

RER (ribosomes attached, modifies proteins) or SER (no ribosomes, lipid and steroid hormone production)

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16
Q

role of golgi apparatus

A

packages up proteins in preparation for transport out of the cell

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17
Q

role of ribosome

A

site of protein synthesis

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18
Q

role of lysosome

A

bound vesicles containing enzymes, responsible for the digestion of biological materials

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19
Q

role of peroxisome

A

bound vesicles containing enzymes, responsible for degrading long chain fatty acids and foreign toxic molecules

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20
Q

role of mitochondria

A

site of oxidative phosphorylation

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21
Q

role of flagella

A

enables movement

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22
Q

role of cillium

A

move water relative to the cell in a regular movement of the cilia

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23
Q

describe the structure of the eukaryotic plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer = double layer of lipid with attached phosphate groups

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24
Q

describe the function of the eukaryotic plasma membrane

A

selectively permeable via protein receptors

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25
Q

what are stem cells

A

cells that can differentiate into may (multipotent) or any (pluripotent) cell types of the body

26
Q

describe stem cell differentiation

A

undifferentiated stem cells divide and give rise to daughter cells which are genetically identical

27
Q

what is apoptosis

A
  • controlled programmed cell death
  • normal process essential for normal function
28
Q

what is necrosis

A
  • untimely/unplanned death of cells in response to injury or infection
  • not a normal cell process
29
Q

4 organic elements - biomolecules

A

H
C
N
O

30
Q

7 large elements - biomolecules

A

Na
Mg
K
Ca
P
S
Cl

31
Q

what is -NH2

A

amino group
H
-N
H

32
Q

what is COOH

A

carboxyl acid
= O
-C
OH

33
Q

what is OH

A

hydroxyl group
-O-H

34
Q

what is H2PO4

A

phosphate
OH
-O-P=O
OH

35
Q

what is a redox reaction example

A

NADH(reducing agent, becomes oxidised) and NAD+ (oxidising agent which becomes reduced

36
Q

what is making and breaking c-c bonds reaction example

A

glycolysis (breaking) and gluconeogenisis (making)

37
Q

what is an internal rearrangements reaction example

A

glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate (glycolysis)

38
Q

what is a group transfers reaction example

A

phosphoryl group transferred from ATP to fructose 1,6-biphosphate (glycolysis)

39
Q

what is a condensation reaction example

A

2 smaller molecules combining to form a larger molecule, releasing water

40
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction example

A

breaking a large molecule into smaller units using water

41
Q

structure of carbohydrates

A

glucose polymers in open chain or ring form with end monomer: reducing end - aldehyde

42
Q

structure of proteins

A

long chains of amino acids formed by condensation. have Amino end and carboxyl end

43
Q

structure of nucleic acids

A

in the structure of RNA or DNA made up of a base, phosphate group and sugar

44
Q

structure of lipids

A

repeating units of FA’s which can be saturated (single bonds), mono-unsaturated (one double bond) or poly-saturated (more than one double bond)

45
Q

define hydrophobic

A

molecules that do not dissolve in water

46
Q

define hydrophilic

A

molecules that dissolve in water

47
Q

define amphipathic

A

contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

48
Q

examples of hydrophilic substances

A
  • sugars
  • alcohols
  • aldehydes
  • ketones
49
Q

examples of hydrophobic substances

A
  • fat soluble vitamins
  • lipids
  • oxygen
50
Q

examples of amphipathic substances

A

cholesterol

51
Q

describe a liposome

A

multiple phospholipids in a lipid bilayer with a hollow core

52
Q

describe a micelle

A

single layer of phospholipids with no core

53
Q

describe a chylomicron

A

like liposome but with a protein embedded shell

54
Q

what is meant by a buffer

A

solutions that resist changes in pH, weak acids and bases have the ability to only partially dissociate, giving them the ability to act as buffers

55
Q

define metabolism

A

chemical processes in a living organism by which food is used for tissue growth or energy production

56
Q

is anabolism endergonic or exergonic

A

endergonic

57
Q

is catabolism endergonic or exergonic

A

exergonic

58
Q

describe the relationship between catabolic and anabolic processes

A

free energy flows between catabolic processes and anabolic processes allowing them to occur

59
Q

what is the 1st law of energy changes

A

“energy can be converted from one form to another but the total energy of the universe remains the same’

60
Q

what is the 2nd law of energy changes

A

“all energy transformations ultimately lead to more disorder in the universe”

foundations of medicine (5 decks)

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