Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIOLOGY > homeostasis and response > Flashcards

homeostasis and response Flashcards

(65 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The constant maintenance of the optimum environment for enzymes and cells to function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What conditions must be maintained in the human body?

A

Blood glucose concentrations, body temperature, and wate levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Explain a nervous response to a stimulus

A

Stimulus > receptor > coordinator > effector > response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Explain a reflex response to a stimulus

A

Stimulus > receptor > sensory neurone > relay neurone > motor neurone > effector > response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a gap between two neurones called?

A

Synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which system secretes hormones?

A

The Endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

REQUIRED PRACTICAL: reaction time

A

Method:
1.Work with a partner.
2.Person A holds out their hand with a gap between their
thumb and first finger.
3.Person B holds the ruler with the zero at the top of person
A’s thumb
4.Person B drops the ruler without telling Person A and they
must catch it.
5.The number level with the top of person A’s thumb is
recorded in a suitable table. Repeat this ten times.
6.Swap places, and record another ten attempts.
7.You can use a conversion table to help convert your ruler
measurements into reaction time or just record the catch
distance in cm.
Control variables:
The person catching the ruler using their dominant hand each
time.
Dropping the same ruler from the same height each time,
with the ruler orientated in the same direction (0 cm facing
down)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What hormone does the thyroid gland produce?

A

Thyroxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What hormone does the pancreas produce?

A

Insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What hormone does the adrenal glands produce?

A

Adrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What hormone does the testes produce?

A

Testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What hormone does the ovaries produce?

A

Oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What organ monitors blood glucose concentration?

A

Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens if blood glucose is too high?

A

The pancreas produces insulin which causes blood to move from blood to cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens to excess glucose?

A

It is converted to glycogen in the liver and muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens if blood glucose is too low?

A

The pancreas produces glucagon which causes glycogen to be converted into glucose and released into blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is testosterone produced?
What is its function?

A

It is produced in the testes and it controls the development of male secondary sexual characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is oestrogen produced?
What is its function?

A

It is produced in the ovaries and it stops FSH being produced so only one egg is matured and also repairs, thickens, and maintains the uterus lining. It also stimulates the pituitary gland to release LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is FSH produced?
What is its function?

A

It is produced in the pituitary gland and causes eggs to mature and stimulates the ovaries to release oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is oestrogen produced?
What is its function?

A

It is produced in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is LH produced?
What is its functiom?

A

It triggers ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is progesterone produced?
What is its function?

A

Progesterone is produced in the ovaries and it maintains the uterus lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

When the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin due to high blood glucose levels and is normally treated with insulin injections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

When body cells no longer respond to insulin. Obesity is a risk factor and carbohydrate-controlled diets and excersise are common treatments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the role of hormones in oral contraceptives?
They contain progesterone and oestrogen which inhibits FSH so no eggs mature
26
What is the role of hormones in injections/patches/implants?
They release progesterone to inhibit egg maturation and release
27
What do barrier contraceptives do>?
They stop sperm reaching the egg
28
What do intrauterine devices do?
They prevent the implantation of embryos
29
What are spermicidal agents?
They kill and disable sperm
30
What is the process of IVF?
The mother is given FSH and LH to stimulate the maturation of eggs > the eggs are collected and externally fertilised > the eggs then develop into embryos > they `re implanted back
31
What does adrenaline do?
It increases heart rate and boosts oxygen to brain and muscles
32
What does the cerebrum control?
Intelligence, personality, conscious thought, and high-level functions
33
What does the cerebellum control?
Balance, co-ordination, muscular activity
34
What does the medulla control?
Unconscious activity (heart rate and breathing)
35
What does the hypothalamus control?
Temperature regulation and water balance
36
What is the function of the cornea?
It refracts light
37
What is the function of the iris?
It controls how much light enters the pupil
38
What is the function of the lens?
It further refracts light on to the retina
39
What is the function of the retina?
It contains light receptors
40
What is the function of the optic nerve?
It carries impulses between the eye and brain
41
What is the function of the sclera?
It protects the eye from injury
42
What is the process of focusing on a nearby object?
Ciliary muscles contract > suspensory ligaments loosen > muscle tension is low > lens thickens > light is refracted strongly
43
What is the process of focusing on a distant object?
Ciliary muscles relax > suspensory ligaments tighten > muscle tension is high > lens thins > light is slightly refracted
44
What is myopia and how is it corrected?
Short-sightedness that is corrected with a concave lens
45
What is hyperopia and how is it corrected?
Long-sightedness that is corrected with a convex lens
46
What happens to the pupil when it is bright?
Radial muscles relax and circular muscles contract therefore pupil contracts to let less light in
47
What happens to the pupil when it is dim?
Radial muscles contract and circular muscles relax therefore pupil dialates to let more light in
48
How does dialysis work?
Unfiltered blood which is high in urea is taken from blood vessels in the arm > mixed with blood thinner to prevent clotting > then pumped into a dialysis machine > blood and dialysis fluid are separated by a partially permeable membrane > blood flows in opposite direction to dialysis fluid > exchange occurs when a concentration gradient exists
49
What does dialysis fluid contain?
-A glucose concentration similar to a normal blood level which prevents -A similar ion concentration to plasma so that movement across a membrane only occurs when there is an imbalance; if blood is too low in ions then they will diffuse from the fluid to the blood or vice versa -No urea so it can diffuse out of blood
50
What does ADH do when the blood has too little water?
It releases ADH to make kidney tubules more permeable so more water can be reabsorbed into the bloodstream
51
How is blood filtered in the kidney?
Blood passes through the nephron where blood is under high pressure which allows for ultrafiltration
52
What happens to molecules in the blood?
Small molecules such as glucose, ions, water, and urea are filtered through the nephron tubules. Larger molecules such as protein are not filtered as they do not fit through the capillaries
53
What is selective reabsorption?
The kidneys reabsorb any useful molecules. -All glucose is reabsorbed -Water is absorbed in the necessary amount -Ions are absorbed in the necessary amount
54
What happens to urea, excess water, and excess ions?
It is passed through the bladder as urine
55
What are the advantages and disadvantages of kidney transplants?
ADVANTAGES: -Lead a more normal life -Cheaper for the NHS DISADVANTAGES; -Must take immune-suppressants which increase infection risk -Shortage of organ donors -Only lasts 8-9 years Operation risks
56
What are the advantages and disadvantages of dialysis?
ADVANTAGES: -Available to all patients -No need for immune-suppressants DISADVANTAGES: -Patients have to limit salt and protein intake -Expensive for NHS -2-3 times a week for 4-6 hours a day -Limited amount of time until transplant is needed
57
What happens when body temperature is too high?
Blood vessels dilate (vasodilation) and sweat is produced
58
What happens when body temperature is too low?
Blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction) and skeletal uscles contract (shivering)
59
What does ethene control in plants?
Cell division and fruit ripening
60
What do gibberellins control in plants?
Growth and development for seed germination and cell elongation.
61
What is a positive tropism?
When a plant grows towards a stimulus
62
What is a negative tropism?
When a plant grows away from a stimulus
63
What does auxin do in stems?
It causes plants to grow in the direction of sunlight
64
What does auxin do in roots?
It causes plants to grow away from the light
65
REQUIRED PRACTICAL: light and gravity effect
Mustard or cress seeds are a good choice for this investigation because they grow fast and their roots and stems are clearly visible. Variables Independent variable: intensity, direction or colour of light, dark conditions. Dependent variable: the mean height of seedlings. Control variables: the number of seeds on each dish, how much they are spread out, the volume of water the seedlings are given, the temperature they are kept at. Method 1. Put cotton wool into three petri dishes, and add the same volume of water to each dish. 2. Add ten seeds to each dish and place them in a warm place where they won’t be disturbed. 3. Allow the seeds to germinate, and add more water if the cotton wool dries out. 4. Once the seeds have germinated, ensure the petri dishes each contain the same number of seeds, and remove any extra seeds if necessary. 5. One petri dish will sit in full light on a windowsill, the second will be in a dark cupboard, and the final dish will be placed in partial light. 6. Every day for one week, measure the height of each seedling and record the results in a table. You must record the height of the individual seedlings on each day. 7. Calculate the mean height of seedlings each day, and compare the mean heights in the three different locations

BIOLOGY (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions