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organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

Contains glandular tissue that produces enzymes and hydrochloric acid, muscle tissue that contracts to churn food and epithelial tissue that protects your stomach against the hydrochloric acid

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2
Q

What does the liver do?

A

It produces bile which is stored in the gallbladder

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3
Q

What does bile do?

A

It is an alkaline emulsifier which provides optimum conditions for lipase to digest lipids

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4
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

It absorbs food into blood. It is covered in villi which increases its surface area and contains blood vessels

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5
Q

What do villi do?

A

They are covered in epithelial cells with microvilli which increase the surface area even more to speed up diffusion rates of food molecules

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6
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst which controls the rate of biological processes

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7
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

They are made of proteins and are specific shapes to attach to molecules

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8
Q

What affects enzymes?

A

TEMPERATURE: If it is too cold, they will move too slowly and slow digestion. If it is too hot the active site will change shape or detonate (DENATURE!!)

PH: If the pH is not optimum, the active site will denature

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9
Q

What is amylase?

A

An enzyme that is produced in the salivary glands, pancreas, and small intestine. It breaks down large molecules of starch into glucose

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10
Q

What are the optimum conditions for amylase?

A

Acidic to neutral conditions

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11
Q

What is protease?

A

An enzyme that is produced in the stomach, pancreas, and small intestine. It breaks down down protein into amino acids

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12
Q

What are the optimum conditions for proteins?

A

Acid conditions (stomach acid)

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13
Q

What is lipase?

A

An enzyme produced in the pancreas which digests lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

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14
Q

What are the optimum conditions for lipase?

A

Alkaline conditions (bile)

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15
Q

What is the Benedict’s test for?
How does it work?

A

-Glucose/sugars

-Heat for a few minutes. Positive result is brick red.

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16
Q

What is the Iodine test for?
How does it work?

A

-Starch

-Orange/brown to blue/black

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17
Q

What is the Biuret test for?
How does it work?

A

-Protein

-Blue to purple

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18
Q

What is the Sudan III test for?
How does it work

A

-Lipids

-Red layer

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19
Q

Explain the process of blood in the heart

A

Deoxygenated blood > vena cava > right atrium > valve (to prevent backflow) > right ventricle > pulmonary artery > lungs

blood is oxygenated :)

Oxygenated blood > pulmonary vein > left atrium > left ventricle > aorta > body !!

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20
Q

What are coronary arteries?

A

They provide the heart with glucose and oxygen for respiration

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21
Q

What controls the resting heart rate?

A

A clump of cells in the right atrium

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22
Q

How do the lungs work?

A

Trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli

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23
Q

What adaptations do lungs have?

A

-Goblet cells trap dirt and microorganisms
-Cillia trap dust and microorganisms

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24
Q

What are the lungs’ features?

Study These Flashcards
A

-Large surface area
-Moist
-Contain capillaries
-Alveoli for gas exchange

25
What is an artery?
Blood vessels which carry blood AWAY from the heart. The walls of the artery are thick and the lumen is small to maintain the high blood pressure
26
What is a vein?
Blood vessels which carry blood TO the heart.The walls of the vein are thin and the lumen is wide to maintain low blood pressure. They contain valves to stop backflow.
27
What is a capillary
28
How does coronary heart disease occur?
Layers of fatty material build up in the coronary arteries, narrowing them. This reduces the flow of blood through the arteries resulting in a lack of blood to the heart
29
What are stents?
-Stents are a mesh tube inserted into the artery to keep it open. -They are a long term solution and are safe although there are small risks
30
What is a statin?
-Statins are drugs which decreases bad cholesterol and increases good cholesterol to reduce fatty material. -They are unsafe for those who are pregnant/breastfeeding or have liver disease
31
What are the risks of heart transplant?
-Few donor hearts available -Long wait time -Rejection -Immunosuppressant drugs (to stop rejection) can cause infection
32
What are artificial hearts?
A pump outside the body which requires the patient to stay in hospital
33
What are mechanical valves
A device to replace faulty valves that may allow blood to leak backwards or not allow enough blood through
34
What are the risks of valve replacements?
Blood clots (anti clotting drugs can be taken)
35
What are the components of blood? What are their functions?
-PLASMA: liquid containing carbon dioxide, digested food, urea, and hormones -RED BLOOD CELLS: responsible for transporting oxygen -WHITE BLOOD CELLS: ingest pathogens and produce antibodies -PLATELETS: clot the blood
36
What lifestyle factors affect the risk of non communicable diseases?
-Diet -Alcohol -Smoking
37
What are the risk factors of cardiovascular disease?
-Diet -Smoking -Exercise levels
38
What are the risk factors of type 2 diabetes?
Obesity
39
What affects brain function and liver?
Alcohol
40
What can affect the lungs or cause lung cancer?
Smoking
41
What can affect unborn babies?
-Smoking -Alcohol
42
What are risk factors of cancer?
Carcinogens (including ionising radiation?
43
What is epidermal tissue in plants?
It covers the leaves, stems, and roots to form a boundary between the plant and external environment. It protects against water loss and regulates gas exchange through stomata
44
What is the palisade mesophyll?
The layer of the leaf which is made up of palisade cells that contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis. They are closely packed to increase the amount of light that can be absorbed
45
What is spongy mesophyll?
Plant tissue that are loosely packed to allow carbon dioxide to diffuse in and oxygen to diffuse our
46
How do tumours occur?
Cell change lead to uncontrolled growth and division
47
What is a benign tumour?
Abnormal cell growths contained within a membrane so do not spread around the body
48
What is a malignant tumour?
Cancerous cells which spread around the body to form secondary tumours
49
What do Xylem do?
Transport water and minerals from roots to stems and leaves
50
What are the features of xylem?
-They are strengthened with lignin -They are impermeable to water
51
What do phloem do?
Transport sugars and amino acids around the plant
52
What is the process that phloem does?
Translocation
53
How do phloem work?
They contain cytoplasm which can move from one cell to another through sieve plates
54
What are the features of root hair cells?
-They are long and thin to penetrate between soil particles -Large surface area for osmosis -Large vacuole to store water -Mitochondria to release energy from glucose for active transport of minerals
55
What are meristems?
Tissue that contains cells that can differentiate
56
What is transpiration?
The movement of water throughout a plant
57
What effects do different factors have on transpiration levels?
-INCREASED TEMPERATURES: increases levels -INCREASED HUMIDITY: decreases levels -INCREASED AIR MOVEMENT: increases levels -LIGHT INTENSITY: increased levels
58
What is the function of a guard cell?
They surround stomata to regulate the exit of water
59
How do light levels affect guard cells?
In light, guard cells absorb water through osmosis to become turgid and open the stoma. In the dark, water is lost and they become flaccid, closing the stoma.

BIOLOGY (6 decks)

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