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Foundations Of Medicine PoNF > Homeostasis + Cells & Molecules > Flashcards

Homeostasis + Cells & Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

Define homeostasis

A

Similar condition, as energy demand increases, supply of substrate required to prevent disturbance in system also does

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2
Q

Role of systems in homeostasis

A

Cardiovascular System – delivers O2 and nutrients to cells, removes waste from cells
Respiratory System – acquires O2, disposes of CO2
Gastrointestinal System – acquires nutrients, disposes of waste
Renal System – disposes of waste
Musculoskeletal System – sources nutrients, removes us from danger, protects from threat
Immune System – protects us from infe ction
Nervous System – coordinates other systems
Endocrine System – coordinates other systems, major role in allowing cellular access to nutrients that have been absorbed

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3
Q

Principles of negative feedback control systems

A
  • Does not prevent condition but regulates it
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4
Q

Feed forward system

A
  • Additional receptors permit system to anticipate change and activate response easier
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5
Q
  • Positive feedback
A

Sets off train of events that leads to larger disturbance than original

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6
Q

Daily water balance in man

A
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7
Q

Different body fluid compartments

A
  1. Intracellular fluid 28L
  2. Interstitial fluid 11L
  3. Plasma 3L
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8
Q
  • Importance of nature barriers whichseparate the body compartments
A
  • Body can only survive if eat is in maintained by cell membrane + water regulated by osmosis
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9
Q

Define the dilution principle

A
  • C= mv
  • V = m/c
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10
Q

Describe the structures present in all cell types

A

Cytoplasm, ribs some + cell membrane

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11
Q

Prokaryotic cels

A
  • Lack of nuclear membrane + no nuclear bound organelles
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12
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A
  • Nuclear membrane → humans, algae, fungi
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13
Q

Apoptosis vs necrosis

A
  • Apoptos’s = controlled programmed cell death
  • necrosis = death of cells in response injury or infection
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14
Q

Major elements used to construct Human biomolawles

A

H, c, N, 0,

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15
Q

Importance of functional groups + molecular configuration in biomolecular function

A
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16
Q

Five kinds of chemical reactions in living organisms

A
  1. Redox reactions
  2. Making and breaking c-c bonds
  3. Internal arrangements
  4. Group transfers
  5. Condensation + hydrolysis reactions
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17
Q

Hydrophobic molecules

A
  • Lipids, steroid hormones, fat soluble vitamins + arrange themselves to minimise contact w/water
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18
Q

Hydrophilic moleures

A
  • Alcohol, sugars etc. - water splits to form screen around ions
19
Q

Rules of thermodynamics

A
  1. Energy can be converted from on form to another but total energy of the universe remains constant
  2. All energy transformations lead to more disorder in the universe
20
Q

Define gibes free energy

A
  • Spontaneous reactions can occur of a system gives up energy +/ becomes more random + increases in entropy
21
Q

Reaction coupling

A
  • Energetically unfavourable reaction is driven by an energetically favourable reaction, net free energy change is less than zero
22
Q

What does the extracellular fluid compartment consist of?

A
  • Plasma
  • interstitial fluid
23
Q
  • Basic structure of membranes
A
  • Capillary wall separates plasma from ISF
  • cell membrane separates cells from ECF
    (Water passes freely between compartments via aquaporin channels)
24
Q

1.na, 2. K, 3. Protein content in fluid compartments

A

Plasma = High low High
Interstitial fluid = High, low, low
Intracellular fluid = low High High

25
Q

5 membrane protein functions

A
  1. Receptors
  2. Transport
  3. Enzymes
  4. Maintenance of cell structure (anchorage)
  5. Communication
26
Q

Function of receptors

A
  • Integral to membrane structure
  • allow communication of extraculular signals
  • ligand binds (ligand-receptor complex ) triggers cellular response
27
Q

Function of Transporter proteins

A

Integral proteins that allow movemen of ions:
1. Channel proteins- create a pore through the membrane which molecules flow through
2. Transporters- open to ICF + ECF but never at the same time

28
Q

Function of enzymes

A
  • Catalyse chemical reactions_ enzymatic part may be on external part of membrane
29
Q

Function of structural proteins

A
  • Anchor cell membrane to intracellular skeleton, extracellular matrix and other cells
  • dysfunction or loss can lead to serious debility e.g. Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
30
Q

Function of communication proteins

A
  • Communicating extracellular signals to intraceuular environment
31
Q

Protein content of membranes

A
  1. Myelin; insulator around myelinated nerve fibres (protein content =18%)
  2. Plasma membrane have typically 50%
  3. Membranes involved in energy transduction 75%
  • The more functions a a membrane was the higher the protein content
32
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • Invagination of cell membrane to form a vesicle which disintegrates on the inside of the membrane, releasing contents into cell
33
Q

Exocytosis

A
  • Proteins manufactured in lets are released by exocytosis
34
Q

What is diffusion

A
  • Process by which gas or substance in solution expands to fill all the available volume: molecules spread from regions of nigh concentration to low concentration
35
Q

What is the difference between passive + facilitated diffusion

A
  • A passive: substance moves directly through lipid bilayer
  • B facilitated - requires assistance from membrane proteins to cross lipid bilayer
36
Q

Passive diffusion

A
  • Molecules must be: small, uncharged + lipophilic (hydrophobic)
    ~ it not they will recursive facilitated diffusion
37
Q

What does osmosis mean?

A
  • Het movement of water from regions of high conc. To low
38
Q

What is osmolarity?

A
  • Describes number of particles in solution
39
Q

Tonicity

A
  • Number of non-penetrating particle in solution
    ( toxicity is more important as it determines cell volume)
40
Q

Hypo-osmotic

A
  • Solution with fewer total particles than normal ECF are hypo-osmotic
41
Q

Hyper-osmotic

A
  • Greater number of total particles than ECF are hyper-osmotic
42
Q

What is tonicity?

A
  • Total number of non-penetrating solute particles
43
Q

How does ATP provide energy?

A

Hydrolysis = ADP + pi

Foundations Of Medicine PoNF (8 decks)

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