Homeostasis, Nutrition, and Digestion Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
Homeostasis
A
Homeostasis is the ability to maintain internal stability in an organism in response to the environmental changes.
2
Q
Zygote
A
the combination of the egg and sperm
3
Q
Zygote does what first?
A
divides into embryonic stem cells
4
Q
what can stem cells do?
A
It can turn into any time of cell through a process called determiantion
5
Q
what is determation?
A
When a stem cell turns into a muscle cell, sperm cell, ect.
6
Q
Cells
A
200 different types of human cells, with their specifci struture and chem makeup it causes them to perform a specific task
7
Q
Tissues
A
Groups of simular cells to perform a function
8
Q
4 types of tissue
A
- epithelial - skin - protects
- connective - tendons - supports
- muscle - cardiac - contracts
- nervous - neurons - transmits
9
Q
organs
A
two or more types of tissue that work together to do the same job,
heart uses muscle, nervous, and epithelial tissue
10
Q
organ systems
A
two or more organs that work together to preform a function
11
Q
Organisms
A
collections of organ systems
12
Q
Sensors
A
Gather data about conditions with internal sensors
13
Q
control centre
A
recieves data from the sensors and compairs it to ideal “set points” and sends messages in a form a nerve impulses or hormones
14
Q
communication systems
A
Carries the messages to different parts of body
15
Q
Set points
A
a cernian level that is ideal for an orgaism to surive
37 degrees body temp
level of O2
16
Q
Targets
A
Organs or tissues will revice the messages amd adjust there level of activiy accordingly
Less than the set point of needed O2, breathing inceases, heart beats faster.
17
Q
negative feedback loop
A
negative feedback loop. What that means is that the speed of production is sensitive to the amount of Product X. When it starts to build up, production slows
18
Q
positive feedback loop
A
A positive feedback loop reacts to a stimulus by promoting or increasing it, instead of stopping or reversing it.
19
Q
Integumentary system
A
acts like a barrier against infection injury and UV radiation as well as helps regulate body temperature
20
Q
digestive system
A
breaks down and absorbs nutrients salts and water as well as elimates some wastes
21
Q
respiratory system
A
brings down O2 for cells and expels CO2 and water vapour
22
Q
excretory system
A
eliminates wsate products and helps maintain homeostasis
23
Q
endocrine system
A
influences growth development and metabolism as well as helps to maintain homeostasis
24
Q
reproductive system
A
produces reproductive cells and in females provides the environment for an embryo
25
circulatory system
transports oxyge nutrients and wastes helps to regulate body tempurature and collects fluid lost from blood vessels and returns it to the circulatory systems
26
immune system
protects against disease as well as stores and generates white blood cells
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nervous system
regulates the bodys response to changes in internal and external environment as well as processes
28
Skeletal system
supports and protects vital organs allows for movement stores minerals and serves as the site for red blood cell production
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Muscular system
produces voluntary and involuntary movements helps to circulate blood and also to move food through digestive system
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Superior (Cranial)
Above, towards the head
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Inferior (Caudal)
below, torwards the feet
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Anterior (Ventral)
towards the front of the body
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Posterior (Dorsal)
Towards the back of the body
34
Medial
towards the midline of the body
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Lateral
away from the midline of the body
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Distal
away from the attached end of a limb
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Proximal
toward the attached end of a limb
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Relative
relative to something
it is 30min before lunch
my feet are below my knees
39
Absolute
exact place
it is 12:00
here are my feet
40
Three primary functions of the food you eat
Impacts growth and development of your brain and body
primary source of nutrients, and energy, to nurse the body
Maintain homeostasis
41
six different types of nutrients needed for homeostasis
water
proteins
fats
carbohydrates
minerals
vitamins
42
3 groups that contain the six different types of nutrients needed for homeostasis
Water
Macronutrients
Micronutrients
43
What does water contain?
water
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what does macronutrients contain?
proteins
fats
carbohydrates
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what does micronutrients contain?
minerals
vitamins
46
What is the function of Water
Involved in nearly every chemical reaction in every cell of your body
Also helps to digest food, eliminate waste, maintain blood volume, regulate body temperature, and keep skin moist
Need to drink ~2 litres per day to maintain fluid balance (homeostasis)
47
What is the function of Proteins
The raw materials (building blocks) of the tissues in your body (organs, muscle, hair, skin, nails, bones, tendons ligaments, and blood plasma)
Involved in so many processes:
Structure of the body (building muscle)
Messaging (hormones)
Immune response (antibodies)
Enzymes (lactase for digesting lactose)
48
What is the function of Fats
Fats break down into fatty acids which serve a variety of purposes:
Key components in the construction of cell membranes
Provides long–term energy and stores around your body to act as energy reserves in times of need
Insulates and protects your organs
Helps transport and absorb fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K)
49
What is the function of Carbohydrates
The primary job of carbohydrates is to provide the energy for your muscles and central nervous system need to move and grow
Other functions of carbs include:
Can be turned into glycogen and stored as energy for times of need
Aid in digestion (fiber in particular)
Helps you feel full for longer after eating
50
What is the function of minerals
Small, inorganic materials needed for various cell processes and to build/repair tissues
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What is the function of vitaminss
Small, organic molecules that work with enzymes to regulate cell function, growth (size), and development (complexity)
52
What are Proteins made of?
amino Acids
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two or more amino acids form a what?
peptide
54
How many different amino acids in order to build proteins?
20
55
Your body makes how many amino acids?
11
56
What are the amino acids called that humans do not produce?
essental amino acids
57
red brans and rice has all of what?
9 essentail amino acids
58
WHat is cholesterol?
it is a waxy substance found in your blood in every cell.
59
WHat does cholesterol do?
it builds healthy cells makes estrogen testosterone too much cholestrol will build up in vessels.
60
What are the collections of amino acids?
Non-essentail amino acids
essentail amino acids
conditonal amino acids
branch-chain amino acids (BCAA)
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What is the function of Non-essentail amino acids
metabolized fore energy, help immune, and protein synthesis
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What is the function of essentail amino acids
protein synthesis, tissue repair, nutrient absorbs
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What is the function of conditonal amino acids
sickness, illnesses, and pregnacny
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What is the function of branch-chain amino acids (BCAA)
build od protien, reduces muscle break down.
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WHat are the good and bad cholestrol?
HDL
LDL
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WHat does the good cholestrol do?
Carries extra cholesterol back to the liver to be broken down, so it doesnt build up in vesels
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WHat does the bad cholestrol do?
Carries cholestrol to cells but too much will build up in vesels
68
What does your body use cholesterol for?
builds healthy cells makes estrogen, testrosterore.
69
What is the hunter reflex
keeps the hands warm by the vessels in forarms delalating.
70
Fats form a group of what?
Lipds
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WHat is the unqice thing about fats?
hydrophobic
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Two types of fats
simple triglyceride
Mixed triglyceriden = butter
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4 groups of fats
saturated fats,
unstaturated fats,
trans fat,
sterols
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What is the characteristst of saturated fats
Polymer Chain: bonds to any hydrogen atom
source: Animal products
State: soild
Impact on health: raise LDL, but no effect if healthy
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What is the characteristst of unsaturated fats
Polymer Chain: less hydrogen atoms, double bond between carbon atoms
source: plant products, and fish, eggs
State: liquid
Impact on health: lowers LDL
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What is the characteristst of trans fats
Polymer Chain: does not exist in nature, adds extra hydrogen
source: processed and fast foods
State: semi-soild
Impact on health: raise LDL, lowers HDL
77
What is the characteristst of sterols
Polymer Chain: carbon ring, no fatty acids
source: plants, animal fats
State: solid
Impact on health: Production hormones like testosterone and vitamin D, HDL and LDL
78
What are minerals, and what do they do?
inorganic materials that the body uses to carry out cell processess and to build/repair tissues
79
What are vitamins, and what do they do?
Organic molecules, it regulate cell function, growth, and development
80
Two kinds of vitamins?
Fat-soluble
water-soluble
81
What does fat solube vitamins do?
It can only be broken by fatty acids
stores in the bodys fatty tissue
high doeses are toxic
82
What does water solube vitamins do?
dissolve in water
vitams C and D cannot be stored so you will need to eat fooods with these
83
What is a calorie?
Measure of energy
84
What should you be worrying about with calories?
The quality
85
Your daily energy output comes from what three soruces?
Basal metabolic Rate (BMR)
Physical Activity
Thermic effect of food (TEF)
86
What is Basal metabolic Rate (BMR)?
The amount of energy your body need to simply exist
87
What is Physical Activity?
burns calories, by moving
88
What is Thermic effect of food (TEF)?
The amount of energy your body needs to digest and absorbs your food
89
What is the three states Energy balance?
Calorie Deficit
Maintenance
Calorie surplus
90
What is TDEE?
total daily energy expenditure
91
How to use a Nutrition Facts Label 4 steps
amount of food the nutrition is based on
Macronutrients
% daily value
Micronutrients
92
What is digestion?
The process by which large, complex molecules in food are broken down into smaller molecules that can be used in the body
93
What organs are part of the digestive system?
mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, large intestine, small intestine, rectum, and anus.
94
Digestive organs are separated by what?
rings of muscles called sphincters,
95
What are sphincters job
to move food and liquid in one direction
96
WHat is the mechanical process of the digestion
teeth chewing, stomach churning
97
What is the chemistry process of the digestion
enzymes, saliva, stomach acid
98
What does the mouth do?
Mechanical: chews and shreds food
Chemical: Amylase ( a digestive enzyme) begins to breaks complex starches into simple sugar
99
What does the esoghagus do?
Mechanical: A rhythic involuntory contraction of the smooth muscles.
Chemical: none
100
What does the small intestine do?
Mechanical: Muscle contractions, churn the food
Chemical: enzymes from the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas
101
What does the stomach do?
Mechanical: Wall contract every 20 seconds chruning and breaking down food
Chemical: gastic juice hydrocholic acid and pepsin kills bacteria and breaks down bonds between amino acids food is now a semi liquid mixture called chyme
102
What does the Large intestine/rectum do?
Mechanical: LI: absorbs water still left in food and forms soild waste(feces) A: Stores the feces and eventually allow it to be stool
Chemical: none
103
What does the Liverm gall bladder, pancreas do?
Mechanical: none
Chemical: L: produces bile GB: stores bile and releases it when needed to break down fats. P: alkalome flid neutralizes pepsin and other enzymes continue to break starches into simple sugar.
104
Where does meats get digested?
stomach
105
Where does cheese get digested?
small intestine
106
Where does bun get digested?
Mouth
107
3 different simple carbs, Monosaccharides
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
108
Glucose charaterists
the most abundant sugar molecule
doesn’t usually occur on its own, but rather in combination with other simple sugars
all carbohydrates break down into glucose to be carried through the blood and used by the body
109
Fructose charaterists
the sweetest natural sugar, abundant in fruits and vegetables
A highly processed version of this called high fructose corn syrup is the new culprit in the obesity epidemics plaguing the West
110
Galactose charaterists
does not occur alone in foods
only exists in food in combination with glucose to form lactose, the sugar found in milk
111
WHat two monosaccharides create Sucrose
glucose + fructose = sucrose (the sweetest sugar; table sugar; found in naturally sweet things like fruit and honey)
112
WHat two monosaccharides create lactose
glucose + galactose = lactose (sugar found in dairy milk; human milk as well)
113
WHat two monosaccharides create maltose
glucose + glucose = maltose (less sweet than sucrose; used to make beer)
114
When two monosaccharides combind what does it make?
Disaccharides
115
WHat is a polysaccharide?
is a carbohydrate polymer that more then ten monomers that can be stored for later
116
WHat does starches do to your body?
how most plants store their glucose molecules
must be broken down and digested to be useful to us
worm or small tree branches
Ex: whole grains
117
WHat does glycogen do to your body?
how animals (including humans!) store glucose molecules
the liver makes and stores glycogen from the excess glucose we eat
tree brancjhes
118
WHat does cellulose do to your body?
what gives plants their structure
cannot be digested by humans and so provides no nutrients or energy
adds “bulk” to our stool (yikes)
compact square
Ex: plant products
119
What is absorption?
The process by which nutrients move out of the digestive organs and into the circiurory and lymphatic systems.
120
Where does absorbion take place?
The small intestine, the lining of the small villi, and microvilli
121
How does the small intestine absorb?
First the lining. The lining of the small intestine is rigid and folded which both increases the surface area that’s doing the absorbing, and slows the passage of food through the organ itself, providing more time to absorb nutrients.
122
How does the villi absorb?
These folds are covered in villi – small finger like projections that that absorb nutrients.
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How does the microvilli absorb?
microvilli that help to absorb even more nutrients smaller fingers.
124
All three monosaccharides are made up of the same chemical formula which is?
C6H12O6
