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Nervous and Endocrine Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Nervous system functions

A

Physically connected network of cells, tissues and organs

controls thoughts, movement and simpler life processes

sends its signals through networks of specialzed tissues

quickly controls immediate processes (heart rate, breathing)

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2
Q

Endocrine system functions

A

collections of physically disconnected organs

helps to control growth development, environmental responses

sends its signal through the bloodstream where only certain cells pick them up

Works slowly and controls long term processes (growth, aging)

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3
Q

5 parts of a neuron

A

cell body

dendrite

axon

myelin sheath

axon terminal

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4
Q

Cell body

A

Contains genetic info maintains the neuron structure and provides energy to send signal

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5
Q

Dendrite

A

Tenical things from the cell body that revices signals from other neurons or sense organs

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6
Q

Axon

A

The “tunnel” that conducts electical impuleses known as action potentials away from the cell body and to the axon terminal

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7
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Protects the axon by surrounding it with proein and lipids

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8
Q

Axon terminal

A

Where the electical signals goes to “sacs” where the electical signal gets converted to chemical signal so it can be passed on to another neroun

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9
Q

3 types of nerouns

A

sensory

interneurons

motor

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10
Q

Sensory nerouns

A

decects stimuli and transmits signals to the interneuron’s to the brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

INterneurons

A

Recives the signal from the senort nerouns and relays it to the motor nerurons

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12
Q

Motor nerouns

A

Which passes the message from the nervous system to other tissues in the body

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13
Q

5 different receptors

A

Photoreceptors

mechanorecptors

chemorecepters

thermoreceptors

pain receptors

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14
Q

What does Photoreceptors detects

A

light

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15
Q

What does mechanorecptors detects

A

pressure, movement, and tension

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16
Q

What does chemorecepters detects

A

chemicals dissolved in fluid

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17
Q

What does thermoreceptors detects

A

tempture

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18
Q

What does pain receptors detects

A

extreme heat/cold, pressure and chemicals released by damaged tissue

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19
Q

5 senses

A

Vison

hearing

smell and taste

touch(temp and pain)

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20
Q

how do your eyes see?

A

They use photorecptors on the back inside the retina

rod cells are used to detect light intensity (black and white)

Cone cells detect colour

70% of sensory recteptors are in the eye

Light enters the pupil which focues on retina with the lens, rods and cones are stimulated which sends nerve impulses alon gthe optical nerve to the brai

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21
Q

HOw do your hear?

A

Ear collects vibrations, amplafys them and converts them into nerve impules then the brain can interped them as sound

Hair cells in the inner ear contain mechonorcetpors that decet vibrations. (hair is bent wich produce action potentials)

Vibrations are amplifed by three bones in the middle ear which are turned into AP in the cochlea to the brain

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22
Q

how can you smell and taste?

A

both the nose and tounge, have chemorecptord that detect molecules dissolved in liquid

smell- airborn chemicals enter the nose then the chemotecptors in olfactory cells generate impluses which go to the brain VIA olfactory nerve

TAstes- Chemicals dissolved by savlia chemrectors in taste buds generate impluses carried to crainal nerve

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23
Q

how can you feel?

A

Touch is sensed by mechorecpotrs in the skin,
upper layer = gentle touch
deeper layer = heavier pressure

tempture- sensed by thermorecpotrs (decet hot or cold)

Pain- is sensed by pain recpotors (detects chemocals relased when cells damaged

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24
Q

What is the fastest sense?

A

HEaring

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25
the 2 types of the nervous system
central nervous system (CNS) peripheral nervous system (PNS)
26
What is the CNS
Brain and spinal cord receives signals then sends signals to PNS only contains Internerouns
27
What is the CNS
Collection of nerves connecting CNS to organs systems sensory neurons (detect stimuli and motor nerons carries the messages) Detects stimuli for CNS to interpret and carries messages from the CNS
28
The three sections of the brain
Cerebrum cerebellum brain stem
29
What is the cerebrum
This part interprets signals and forms responses to be used Cerebrum is divided into left and right, the sides control oppsite sides of the body
30
What is the cerebral cortex
the outor layer of the cerebrum has wrinkly appearance to fit more brain matter in the skull
31
What is the cerebral cortex made up of 4 what?
Frontal lope parietal lope occipital lope temporal lope
32
Functions of the Frontal lope
personality, reasoning, abstract thinking, decision making, judgement voluntary movement and speech
33
Functions of the parietal lope
sense of touch (pain) spatial perception and the representaion of numbers
34
Functions of the occipital lope
vison
35
Functions of the temporal lope
hearing, speech interpeation, and storing autograpical memories
36
7 subcortial strucures
cerebral cortex corpus callosum thalamus hypothalamos hippocampus brain stem cerebellum
37
what is the corpus callosum
thick band of nerves connecting left and right hemispheres, signals cross from left and right.
38
what is the thalamus
Sorts info from sensory organs and pases signals to the brain and spinal cord
39
what is the hypothalamos
Regulating biological drives to maintain homeostatis hormones apptite, emotional and sexual urges and body temp
40
what is the hippocampus
Stores longterm memories and making those and passes signals to the brain and spinal cord
41
3 parts of the brain stem
Midbrain pons medulla oblongata
42
what is the cerebellum
manges balance coordination and learning motor skills
43
function of midbrain
controls reflexes
44
function of pons
regulates bresthing, passes signals between brain and spinal cord
45
function of medulla oblongata
connects brain to spinal cord cotrols life sustaininf function (heat beat swalling vomiting, couhing
46
4 branches of PNS
Somatic Nervous system Autonomic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system
47
Somatic Nervous system
Regulates voluntary movement maintain movement posture and balance
48
Autonomic nervous system
Controls involuntary functions takes messages from hypothalmus to organs in the circlatory digestive and endocrine systems divided into two systems that balance eachother
49
Sympathetic nervous system
prepares the body for actions and stress fight or flight increased blood flow to heart, lungs, and sketal muscles
50
parasympathetic nervous system
Lowers blood pressure and heart rate to return to hemostatis calms the body and helps to conserve energy.
51
What does the endocrine system do?
It helps the body grow develop and maintain homeostatis
52
What signals are made by the endocrine system
Hormones from different glands
53
Where do hormones be relased into
The blood stream
54
HOw does the hormone know which cell to go into
target cells
55
what are target cells
Target cells have a specific membrane receptor. Once the hormone touches the target cell with the correct receptor it prompts it to produce different proteins.
56
Two catagories of Hormones
Steroid and nonsteroid
57
What are steroid hormones?
They are made of cholesterol and actully enters target cells, binding to its DNA and causing it to produce diffrernt proteins
58
What are non-steroid hormones
made of amino acids and bind to receotors outside of the target cell. the binding sets off a chain of chemical reactions that cause the cell to produce diffrernt enzymes
59
8 diffrernt glands
adrenal glands male and female gonads pancreas thymus thyroid gland hypothalamus pituitary gland
60
adrenal glands
adrinine hormone helps with metatolism, and flight or fight
61
male gonads
testes produce testrone with helps with growth, and develpoment, and produces sperm
62
female gonads
Produces estrogen, sexual develpment funcion, egg making menstrution
63
pancreas
produces inslun, regulates blood sugar degstive enzymes
64
thymus
Produces hymosin so white blood cells can reproduce and mature
65
thyroid gland
Thyroxin, meteablosim, growth in bones, develment in heart, sex
66
hypothalamus
Dopamine, Thyrotropin(Releasing hormone regulating the four Fs simulates other glands
67
pituitary gland
TSH (Relsasing hormone) stimulates other glands, growth deveoplement
68
What is the hypothalamus
it is where the nervous and endocrine systems connect.
69
what gland does the hypothalamus affect
The ptuitary gland
70
How the endocrine system regulates temputure?
When the body becomes cold, thermoreceptors in the nervous system send a signal that stimulates the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus responds to the stimulus by secreting a releasing hormone called TRH. TRH travels through a short blood vessel and stimulates the pituitary to release TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) TSH travels through the bloodstream to the neck, where it stimulates the thyroid to release thyroxine, a hormone that increases cell activity As cells become more active, the body's temperature increases. Thermoreceptors signal the hypothalamus to stop release TRH Without this, the other glands are no longer stimulated and stop releasing the hormones one by one.
71
Hormonal imbalnces can impact what?
Homeostatsis and can cause severe illnesses
72
WHat is hypothroldism
A disease that develops when the thyriod doesnt produce enough hormones. IN children this disease slows growth and mental develoment. for adults include weakness, sensitivty to cold, weight gain and depression.
73
Where does the chem signal go through to get to another neron?
synapse
74
What are the chemicals called going through the synapse?
Neurotransmetters.

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