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Bio <3 > Homeostasis Practice Questions (2018+) > Flashcards

Homeostasis Practice Questions (2018+) Flashcards

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1
Q

Scientists investigated the effect of drinking ice-cold water on:
* internal body temperature
* the rate of sweating
Give the reason why the person should not move during the investigation

A
  • movement would release (extra) heat
  • movement would increase body temperature
  • movement would increase sweating
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2
Q

How does the thermoregulatory centre send information to sweat glands in
the skin?

A

via nerve(s) / neurones
or
via (nerve) impulse(s)

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3
Q

The results show that when the ice-cold water was drunk, the temperature near
the brain decreased.
Explain why the temperature near the brain decreased

A

blood is cooled at stomach / mouth

(cooled) blood flows to the brain

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4
Q

The rate of sweating changes between 24 minutes and 36 minutes.
Explain how this change helps to maintain the person’s normal body
temperature.

A

less sweating occurs

so less heat is lost or less cooling

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5
Q

What happens to the volume of water lost as sweat when a person runs a
marathon?

A

(volume) increases

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6
Q

Blood entering the kidneys goes through the process of
___________________
Glucose is not found in urine because of __________________
Urine is removed from the body in the process of _________________

A

filtration

reabsorption

excretion

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7
Q

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of having a kidney transplant
instead of having dialysis

A
  • no need for regular / long hospital visits or is a long-term
    solution
  • flexible lifestyle, such as can go on holidays
  • may not live near a hospital or reference to transport costs
  • no risk of infection from frequent needles / treatment
  • less / no need to control diet
  • maintains correct concentration of substances in blood / body
  • cheaper long term for NHS / hospital
    Disadvantages of kidney transplant
  • may be rejected
  • have to keep taking anti-rejection drugs or
    immunosuppressants
  • (suitable) donor may not be available or need for tissue
    matching
  • risk from surgery (e.g. anaesthesia or infection)
  • recovery from surgery will take a long time
  • does not last forever (therefore further surgery needed)
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8
Q

Marathon runners often drink sports drinks during a race.
Explain why

A

to replace water / ions / salt

(that is) lost in sweat

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9
Q

Name the process by which water is lost from the skin.

A

sweat(ing)

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10
Q

Why does the body need to lose water from the skin?

A

any one from:
* for cooling
* to maintain body temperature

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11
Q

Which organ monitors body temperature?

A

brain

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12
Q

The organ that monitors internal body temperature receives
information about temperature from the skin.
Which structures in the skin send impulses with this information?

A

receptors

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13
Q

How does sweating help to control body temperature?

A

cools us down

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14
Q

Body temperature is kept within a narrow range.
When the core body temperature is too low, this is detected by the
thermoregulatory centre in the brain.
Describe how the body responds when a decrease in core body temperature is
detected.

A

blood vessels supplying skin
constrict
allow vasoconstriction
do not allow capillaries /veins constricting
do not allow moving blood vessel
less blood flow (to / through capillaries / to skin)
allow blood flows further away from skin surface
so less energy is lost (to the surroundings)
allow less heat is lost
‘shivering’ by muscle (contraction)
allow muscles contract (and relax) rapidly
releasing energy or respiring (more)

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15
Q

if the eye then focuses on the words in a book, changes would occur in the eye.
The light rays would be refracted more by the lens.
(b) How does the lens refract the light more

A

by becoming thicker

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16
Q

Which two structures control the shape of the lens?

A

ciliary muscles

suspensory ligaments

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17
Q

To form a clear image, the light rays entering the eye must focus on one
structure in the eye.
Name the structure.

A

retina

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18
Q

What is meant by the term ‘reflex action’?

A

response / reaction

automatic or no thinking or not conscious or involuntary

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19
Q

A woman’s hand accidentally touches a hot object.
The woman moves her hand away rapidly.
Describe how the woman’s nervous system coordinates the reflex action

A

receptor (in skin of finger / hand) detects stimulus / temperature
change
allow receptor detects heat ignore pain

(electrical) impulses pass along neurones
allow electrical signals pass
along nerve cells
ignore messages

(impulses pass from) sensory to relay to motor neurones

synapse between neurones where chemical crosses gap
allow neurotransmitter / acetylcholine
for chemical
allow by diffusion

(synapses) in spinal cord / CNS
ignore brain

muscle contraction (to pull hand away)
or effector is a muscle

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20
Q

Give three ways coordination by the endocrine system is different from
coordination by the nervous system.

A

coordination by endocrine system is:

slower

longer-lasting

(chemical / hormone) via blood instead of electrical / impulse /
neurones

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21
Q

Which part of the brain controls balance when riding a bicycle?

22
Q

The ears send information about sound to the brain.
Which word describes the brain?

23
Q

What type of cell carries impulses from the ears to the brain?

24
Q

Which part of the eye has cells that detect light?

25
The eyes of some birds have specialised cells to detect ultraviolet (UV) light. Some fruits reflect UV light. Explain why it is an advantage for birds to be able to detect UV light.
can see fruit / food (so) get more food
26
What process occurs in the eye when the student looks at the trees instead of the book?
accommodation
27
What change happens in the student’s eyes when they look up at the trees?
light rays are refracted less
28
Name the common defect of the eye which causes distant objects to appear out of focus.
* myopia * short-sightedness
29
Name the part of the brain that is responsible for making a decision
(cells in) retina sensitive to light impulse passes along (sensory) neurone (along) optic nerve
30
Suggest how the fMRI scanner could help to find out more about the brain damage a person has
* can ask people to do different tasks (while taking scan) allow can ask person to do a (specific) task * to see which part of brain is active / inactive allow to see which part of the brain is working * to compare with a person without brain damage * to see (exactly) where the damage is * (traditional) MRI scanner cannot be used if people can’t stay still
31
Describe how the brain receives information about light entering the eye.
(cells in) retina sensitive to light impulse passes along (sensory) neurone (along) optic nerve
32
Explain how birds that detect UV light have evolved from birds that could not detect UV light
* mutation (in gene / DNA) * randomly or due to chance * causes new / different protein / (visual) pigment to be made * in the retina of bird * (so more) variation in the wavelengths of light birds retinas could detect * birds with the mutation or birds able to detect UV are more likely to see fruits (that reflect UV) * birds with the mutation or birds able to detect UV are more likely to see where small mammals are or have been * therefore get more food (small mammals or fruit) * avoid being eaten (by small mammals) * out competing those birds without the mutation or birds not able to detect UV * so more likely to survive and reproduce or have offspring * by natural selection * passing on allele / gene / mutation to offspring * repeated over many generations
33
What is a reflex action?
* fast / rapid * protect (from danger / harm) * a response / a reaction ignore ‘action’ * automatic / involuntary or not under conscious control
34
A muscle in the arm moves the hand away from the hot object. How does the arm muscle do this?
the muscle contracts
35
‘Drinking coffee speeds up reactions. Give evidence from the table above to support the students’ conclusion
(after drinking coffee) ruler falls less far (before being caught)
36
Explain how the person’s eye could adjust to form a clear image of a nearer object.
ciliary muscles contract (so ciliary muscles have a) smaller diameter (so) suspensory ligaments loosen / slacken do not accept ‘relax’ (so) lens thickens or lens becomes more curved / rounded (thicker) lens is more convergent light rays / image focused on retina
37
Explain why a long-sighted person has difficulty seeing near objects clearly.
eye(-ball) is (too) short or lens cannot be thickened enough (so) light ‘focuses’ behind retina
38
Long-sightedness can be corrected by wearing spectacles. Describe how spectacle lenses can correct long-sightedness.
convex / converging lens light rays bent / refracted (inwards) more light rays focused on retina
39
Describe how the structures shown in Figure 2 help to coordinate a reflex action.
* receptor detects stimulus * e.g. receptor detects pressure * receptor generates impulses / electrical signals * neurones conduct impulses / electrical signals * neurone A conducts impulses to spinal cord * neurone A = sensory neurone * synapse between neurones * chemical (/ neurotransmitter) crosses synapse * chemical stimulates impulse(s) in neurone B * neurone B = relay neurone * neurone C = motor neurone * effector carries out response * e.g. muscles of the arm / leg contract * muscles contract or gland secretes chemicals
40
The students measured 10 reaction times for each person rather than 3 reaction times
to increase validity / repeatability or to get representative results because of variation in results
41
Give one conclusion about the effect of caffeine on reflex actions.
caffeine speeds up reflex actions or reduces reaction time
42
Describe the changes in the pupil and iris going from A to B in Figure 1. Explain how these changes occur. Refer to the changes in light level in your answer
pupils dilated (at B) in dim light / low light levels because circular muscles (in iris) relax (and) radial muscles contract
43
Explain how the blurred vision is corrected.
figure 2 shows myopia where light does not focus on the retina in figure 3 the lens bends the light so that light focuses on the retina
44
A woman has a head injury. Her symptoms include: * finding it difficult to name familiar objects * not being able to remember recent events. Suggest which part of her brain has been damaged.
cerebral cortex
45
A man has a head injury. He staggers and sways as he walks. Suggest which part of his brain has been damaged.
cerebellum
46
Why is it more dangerous for old people to drive cars?
reaction time (too) long or reactions (too) slow (so) more likely to have / cause an acciden
47
Describe the difference between the function of a receptor and the function of an effector
receptors detect / sense stimuli / change in surroundings or convert stimulus into an impulse example of a receptor allow any appropriate organ or part of an organ, eg eye / retina or named type of receptor eg light effectors allow / make response or convert an impulse to an action (effector) muscle / gland
48
What is a synapse?
junction between neuron(e)s
49
Describe how information passes across a synapse.
chemical released * (chemical released) from one neurone ignore produced * (chemical) passes (across synapse) to next neurone to stimulate / cause (electrical) impulse allow diffuses for passes (across)
50
Name a sense organ involved in a reflex co-ordinated by the spinal cord.
skin
51
In reflexes co-ordinated by the brain there are no relay neurones. Suggest why there is a difference in the mean speed of the impulse for the two reflexes.
* synapses slow down transmission / impulse allow idea of movement of chemical being slower than electrical impulse * fewer synapses (via brain) allow one synapse compared to two or only one synapse * (therefore) fewer delays

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