hormonal coordination

Question 1

which organs a target organ for insulin

Answer 1

liver

Question 2

The endocrine system coordinates many internal functions of the body.
Give three ways coordination by the endocrine system is different from
coordination by the nervous system.

Answer 2

coordination by endocrine system is:
allow converse points if clearly
indicating nervous co-ordination
answers must be comparative
slower

longer-lasting

(chemical / hormone) via blood instead of electrical / impulse /
neurones

Question 3

Describe how hormones control the menstrual cycle.

Answer 3

FSH (release from pituitary) stimulates maturation of egg / ovum /
follicle

oestrogen (release from ovary) inhibits FSH production and
stimulates LH production

LH (release from pituitary) stimulates ovulation
allow LH stimulates release of egg

progesterone (release from ovary) inhibits FSH and LH production
allow (release from corpus luteum)

oestrogen and progesterone maintain the uterus lining

Question 4

Blood entering the kidneys goes through the process of
___________________
Glucose is not found in urine because of ___________
Urine is removed from the body in the process of ______________

Answer 4

filtration

reabsorption

excretion

Question 5

A person makes a lot of urea if the person’s diet contains
a lot of ___________________

Answer 5

protein

Question 6

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of having a kidney transplant
instead of having dialysis.

Answer 6

• no need for regular / long hospital visits or is a long-term
  solution
• flexible lifestyle, such as can go on holidays
• may not live near a hospital or reference to transport costs
• no risk of infection from frequent needles / treatment
• less / no need to control diet
• maintains correct concentration of substances in blood / body
• cheaper long term for NHS / hospital
  Disadvantages of kidney transplant
• may be rejected
• have to keep taking anti-rejection drugs or
  immunosuppressants
• (suitable) donor may not be available or need for tissue
  matching
• risk from surgery (e.g. anaesthesia or infection)
• recovery from surgery will take a long time
• does not last forever (therefore further surgery needed)

Question 7

Why must urea be excreted from the body?

Answer 7

urea is a waste (product)

Question 8

The process that makes carbon dioxide is
_____________________
During exercise, extra carbon dioxide can be removed from the body by
increasing
the rate of _________________________

Answer 8

respiration

breathing

Question 9

How does urea move out of the blood during dialysis?

Answer 9

diffusion

Question 10

Give two reasons why a kidney transplant is a better method for treating
kidney disease than dialysis.

Answer 10

has a low(er) concentration of urea
* constant urea concentration / level
allow substance (if named must be
correct)
* less time attached to machine or fewer hospital visits
* no / less restriction on travel
* not piercing skin repeatedly
* less chance of infection / blood clots
* cheaper in the long term

Question 11

Which gland releases the hormone that controls water loss from the body?

Answer 11

pituitary

Question 12

Which hormone helps the kidneys to control water loss from the body?

Answer 12

ADH

Question 13

Explain how the gland you named in part (a) and the kidneys reduce water
loss.

Answer 13

high(er) concentration of blood causes (more) ADH / hormone

release
allow low(er) water potential of blood
causes (more) ADH / hormone release

(and hormone / ADH causes) increased permeability of kidney
tubules (to water)

(so) increased water reabsorption

Question 14

Explain two biological reasons why most doctors think that a kidney
transplant is a better method of treatment than dialysis

Answer 14

changes in concentrations / levels of substances / urea are
minimised

(so) less / no chance of causing damage to body cells / tissues

not repeatedly puncturing skin or blood not in contact with machine

(so) less / no chance of infection or less / no
chance of blood clots or no need to take
anti-clotting drugs

Question 15

Explain how the hormones insulin and glucagon control the person’s blood
glucose concentration after the meal.

Answer 15

(blood glucose increases after meal causing) insulin secretion

insulin causes glucose to enter cells / liver / muscles

(insulin causes) glucose conversion to glycogen

(so) blood glucose decreases causing glucagon secretion

glucagon causes glycogen to be converted to glucose

Question 16

A person with Type 2 diabetes often has a higher blood insulin
concentration than a non-diabetic person.
Explain why.

Answer 16

cells / liver / muscles absorb less glucose

(so) glucose concentration in blood remains high

(high blood glucose stimulates / causes) pancreas to release more
insulin

Question 17

What is the purpose of thickening the lining of the uterus?

Answer 17

to allow implantation of the embryo

Question 18

Which hormone causes thickening of the lining of the uterus?

Answer 18

oestrogen

Question 19

Contraceptive pill does what

Answer 19

Contains hormones to
stop eggs maturing

Question 20

what does Diaphragm do

Answer 20

Barrier to prevent
sperm reaching the egg

Question 21

what does Spermicidal cream do

Answer 21

Kills sperm

Question 22

why may a condom be the best decision

Answer 22

more reliable than diaphragm / spermicidal cream

low chance of pregnancy

no side effects

Question 23

This organ then takes in excess glucose from the blood and changes
the glucose into _____________

Answer 23

glycogen

Question 24

What would happen to the insulin in the tablet if it reached the stomach?

Answer 24

would be digested

Question 25

Suggest two ways the person could lower the chance of developing Type 2 diabetes

Answer 25

less carbohydrate / sugar / fat in diet lose weight or maintain a healthy weight

Question 26

Which metabolic process produces water?

Answer 26

respiration of glucose

Question 27

Explain why more water was lost through the skin during the race.

Answer 27

more) sweating

Question 28

Explain why more water was lost by breathing during the race.

Answer 28

more energy needed (so) more (aerobic) respiration (so) increased breathing (rate / depth) (to supply oxygen or remove carbon dioxide / water)

Question 29

In the menstrual cycle, one egg is released approximately every ____________ days.

Answer 29

28

Question 30

Which hormone is used in the oral contraceptive pill?

Answer 30

progesterone

Question 31

Describe how the oral contraceptive pill stops a woman becoming pregnant.

Answer 31

inhibits FSH production / release * prevents egg maturation * prevents ovulation

Question 32

Development of the female secondary sex characteristics is controlled by _______________ Sperm production is stimulated by __________

Answer 32

oestrogen testosterone

Question 33

Explain why protein is not found in the urine of a healthy person.

Answer 33

(molecules are) (too) large cannot pass through (filtration) membrane / (holes in) filter

Question 34

Explain why glucose is not found in the urine of a healthy person.

Answer 34

glucose is reabsorbed all of it

Question 35

Explain: * why urea and sodium ions are found in urine * why their concentration is higher on a hot day than on a cold day

Answer 35

(molecules / ions) small so pass through filter more water reabsorbed on a hot day due to more water lost in sweat

Question 36

What is a hormone?

Answer 36

* a (chemical) messenger or an organic substance * made by the endocrine system * affects (a) specific / target organ(s) / tissue(s) * released into the blood

Question 37

Name the two hormones that control blood glucose concentration

Answer 37

insulin and glucagon

Question 38

Explain how negative feedback controls the blood glucose concentration during the first one and a half hours after the meal.

Answer 38

* (0−0.5 h: ) glucose from meal enters blood or increase in blood glucose (to 6.5 mmol / dm3 ) * glucose detected by pancreas * pancreas secretes insulin * (insulin causes) glucose to move (out of blood) into cells / liver * liver converts glucose to glycogen * causing a fall in blood glucose (after 0.5h) * low blood glucose (< 5.0 mmol / dm3 ) detected by pancreas * pancreas releases glucagon * liver converts glycogen to glucose (which enters blood) * blood glucose rises (after 1 h or to 5.2 mmol / dm3 (at 1.5 h))

Question 39

Which gland produces oestrogen?

Answer 39

ovary

Question 40

Explain how blood glucose levels are controlled in the body of someone who does not have diabetes.

Answer 40

if too high insulin released from pancreas so glucose is moved into cells if too low, glucagon is released (from pancreas) causes glycogen to be converted to glucose and released into the blood

Question 41

Compare how each type of diabetes is caused. Suggest how each type of diabetes can be treated.

Answer 41

type 1 not enough / no insulin produced whereas type 2 cells do not respond to insulin type 1 is treated with injections of insulin whereas type 2 is treated with diet and exercise

Question 42

Suggest why a blood test is more reliable than a urine test.

Answer 42

could be other reasons for glucose in urine

Question 43

Patients are not allowed to eat food for 8 hours before the glucose tolerance test. Suggest why patients are not allowed to eat for 8 hours before the test.

Answer 43

results not affected by glucose from food

Question 44

Hyperthyroidism is caused by an overactive thyroid gland. Suggest what would happen in the body of a person with hyperthyroidism.

Answer 44

Too much thyroxine is released into the blood which raises BMR causing increase in formation of glycogen

Question 45

Describe the roles of FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle.

Answer 45

FSH causes eggs to mature and stimulate ovaries to produce oestrogen LH stimulates the egg to be released

Question 46

Explain why missing a dose of the mini-pill would reduce the success rate of the mini-pill.

Answer 46

(missing a dose causes a) dip / drop in progesterone levels (therefore) FSH is not inhibited anymore (therefore) LH is not inhibited anymore (and consequently) an egg is matured and released

Question 47

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland is ___

Answer 47

follicle stimulating hormone / FSH

Question 48

A hormone produced by the ovaries is ___

Answer 48

oestrogen

Question 49

Which two hormones are used in contraceptive pills?

Answer 49

oestrogen progesterone

Question 50

How many chromosomes are there in each cell of a human embryo?

Answer 50

46

Question 51

What effect does insulin have on glucose in the blood?

Answer 51

Insulin causes glucose to move into cells.

Question 52

Explain why a transplanted organ may be rejected.

Answer 52

immune system produces antibodies (which) attack the antigens on the transplanted organ / pancreas