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gsce biology > homeostasis - topic 5 > Flashcards

homeostasis - topic 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

what is homeostasis

A

the regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for function in response to internal and external changes

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2
Q

three main conditions the body needs to regulate

A
  1. water levels
  2. blood glucose concentration
    3.temperature
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3
Q

what does a receptor do

A

detect the stimuli

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4
Q

what does the coordination centre do

A

receive and process information from the receptors

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5
Q

what does an effector do

A

bring about a response to restore optimal conditions

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6
Q

what are the two main effectors

A

nervous system - muscles - contract
endocrine system - glands - release hormones

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7
Q

what are some features of the nervous system

A

sends electrical impulses
its very fast but its effects are short lived
specific/ precise

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8
Q

what is a neurone

A

nerve cells that carry electrical impulses, chemicals transmit over the synapses between different neurones

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9
Q

what is the central nervous system (CNS)

A

the brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

all sensory and motor neurones

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11
Q

what is the sensory neurone

A

the neurone that carries a signal from the receptor to the coordination centre

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12
Q

what is the relay neurone

A

the neurone that acts as the coordination centre in reflex action. found in the CNS

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13
Q

what is the motor neurone

A

the neurone that carries a signal from the coordination centre to the effector

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14
Q

what is a reflex action

A

an automatic and rapid responses of the nervous system. does not involve the conscious part of the brain. it prevents damage and harm.

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15
Q

what is the cerebrum (cerebral cortex)

A

the part of the brain that controls consciousness, intelligence, memory, language, personality etc

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16
Q

what is the hypothalamus

A

the part of the brain that controls body temperature by sending signals to the pituitary gland

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17
Q

what is the medulla oblongata

A

part of the brain that controls unconscious activities (heart rate/breathing)

18
Q

what is the cerebellum

A

part of the brain that controls balance and muscle coordination

19
Q

what is an electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

a non invasive brain procedure. directs weak electrical current using electrodes and the patient describes what they experience

20
Q

what is an MRI scan

A

it uses magnetic waves to detect brain activity, checks which parts of the brain are active whilst people are doing different activities

21
Q

what are the pros of brain surgery

A

treatment for disorders, reduces muscle tremors etc

22
Q

what are the cons of brain surgery

A

carries risk such as damage or increased problems as the brain is complex and delicate

23
Q

what is the cornea

A

the transparent outer layer that refracts light

24
Q

what is the iris

A

contains muscles to control diameter of the pupil

25
Q

what is the pupil

A

the hole that lets light through

26
Q

what does the lens do

A

refracts light to focus on the back of the retina

27
Q

what are the suspensory ligaments

A

ligaments that connect to the lens to control its thickness

28
Q

what do the ciliary muscles do

A

contract to widen lens and refract more light

29
Q

what is the sclera

A

tough, supporting layer

30
Q

what does the retina do

A

contains receptors cells sensitive to light intensity and colour
rods - detect black and white
cones - detect colour

31
Q

what does the optic nerve do

A

carries impulses from receptors to brain

32
Q

what do the circular muscles do

A

contract to make the pupil smaller during bright light

33
Q

what do the radial muscles do

A

contract to make pupil dilate during dim light

34
Q

what is accommodation

A

when the eye focuses the light on the back of the retina by changing the shape of the lens

35
Q

what happens when the eye focuses on a near object

A
  • the ciliary muscles contract
  • the suspensory ligaments relax
  • lens becomes fatter
  • more refraction
36
Q

what happens when the eye focuses on a far object

A
  • ciliary muscles relax
  • suspensory muscles tighten
  • lens becomes thinner
  • less refraction
37
Q

what happens to the eye in dim light

A
  • radial muscles contract and circular muscles relax
  • pupil dilates
38
Q

what happens to the eye in bright light

A
  • circular muscles contract and radial muscles relax
  • pupil constricts
39
Q

hyperopia (long - sighted)

A

the lens focuses behind the retina. corrected with a convex lens by narrowing the light rays upon entry to the lens

40
Q

myopia (near - sighted)

A

the lens focuses in front of the retina. corrected with a concave lens by widening the light rays upon entry to the lens

gsce biology (4 decks)

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