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GSCE biology > infection and disease- topic 3 > Flashcards

infection and disease- topic 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what to antibodies do

A

destroy pathogens and bind with specific antigens

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2
Q

what do antitoxins do

A

destroys toxins released by pathogens

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3
Q

what are antigens

A

protein ‘name tags’ on pathogens to identify them

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4
Q

how do vaccinations work

A

by injecting a small, weakened version of the pathogen to stimulate antibodies and a quicker secondary immune response

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5
Q

what is herd immunity

A

when enough individuals are immune in a population to prevent the spread of a pathogen

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6
Q

what are antibiotics

A

drugs that kill bacteria

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7
Q

what are painkillers

A

drugs that reduce the symptoms of disease

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8
Q

what’s a placebo

A

a fake drug, one that doesn’t produce any actual effects

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9
Q

what is peer review

A

when scientists check each others work to prevent bias and false conclusions

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10
Q

what are the two stages of pre clinical trials

A

stage 1- human cells and tissues
stage 2- live animals

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11
Q

what are the stages of clinical trials

A

stage 3- drug trials involving healthy people, start healthy low dose then increase
stage 4- then give to patients, checking toxicity, efficacy, and dosage

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12
Q

what is efficacy

A

how effective a drug is

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13
Q

what is toxicity

A

how harmful a drugs side effects are

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14
Q

dosage

A

the concentration or frequency a drug should be taken

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15
Q

what are antivirals

A

drugs that prevent viruses from spreading

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16
Q

what are resistant bacteria

A

bacteria that have randomly mutated to become resistant. resistant strains growth is increased by the overuse of antibiotics. e.g MRSA

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17
Q

what plant does aspirin come from

A

its a painkiller- comes from willow bark

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18
Q

what plant does digitalis come from

A

its heart medication- comes from foxgloves

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19
Q

what does penicillin come from

A

its an antibiotic- comes from fungus

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20
Q

nitrate ions deficiency symptoms

A

nitrates needed to make amino acids that are needed for protein synthesis. a lack of nitrate leads to stunted growth

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21
Q

magnesium ions deficiency symptoms

A

magnesium is needed to make chlorophyll, a deficiency can cause chlorosis and yellow leaves

22
Q

what are aphids

A

insects that eat the shoots or growing plants by sucking out sap and glucose. they suck it out from the phloem tubes

23
Q

three ways to identify plant diseases

A
  1. gardening manual/ website
  2. taking a clipping to a lab
  3. using a monoclonal antibody testing kit
24
Q

what are the three types of plant defences

A
  1. physical
    2.chemical
  2. mechanical
25
Q

what are some plant physical defences

A
  1. waxy cuticle on leaves (barrier)
  2. cellulose cell wall (barrier)
  3. layers of dead cells (e.g bark)
26
Q

what are some plant chemical defences

A
  1. antibacterial chemicals which kill bacteria
  2. poisons to deter herbivores
27
Q

what are some plant mechanical defences

A
  1. thorns or hairs
  2. drooping or curling when touched
  3. mimicry
28
Q

what’s a communicable disease

A

diseases that can be transmitted from organism to organism

29
Q

what do viral cells do

A

they infect cells and use their machinery to replicate, before bursting out and killing the cells

30
Q

measles

A

transmitted in the air. symptoms include a red rash, fever etc. prevent it by getting the MMR vaccine

31
Q

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

A

its an STD, initial symptoms include a flu like illness however it can lead to AIDS. You can prevent it by using barrier contraceptives and not exchanging bodily fluids, and you can help treat it with antivirals.

32
Q

TMV (tobacco mosiac virus)

A

spread from humans to plants, presents as small yellow patches. you stop its spread by killing or burning infected plants.

33
Q

bacterial diseases

A

they are living cells that release toxins to cause illness

34
Q

salmonella

A

often caused by infected chickens and poor hygiene. symptoms include, fever, stomach cramps etc. you can help prevent the spread by vaccinating chickens or killing the infected

35
Q

gonorrhoea

A

its an STD, so transmitted through bodily fluids. symptoms include, green discharge, pain while urinating etc. you can help prevent it by using barrier contraceptives and it can be treated using antibiotics

36
Q

fungal dieseases

A

eukaryotic cells that spread through spores and hyphae

37
Q

rose black spot

A

spread through water and wind. presents as purple/black spots on the plant. you can treat it using fungicides or destroying infected leaves

38
Q

protist diseases

A

eukaryotic cells that are carried by vectors

39
Q

malaria

A

spread through mosquitoes, symptoms include fever and can be fatal. you stop the spread by preventing being bitten through things like nets, sprays, killing breeding grounds etc

40
Q

immune system

A

the body system that defends against pathogens

41
Q

the two types of white blood cells

A

phagocytes engulf pathogens by phagocytosis
lymphocytes release antibodies and antitoxins

42
Q

what is a pathogen

A

a microorganism that can cause disease

43
Q

how does discolouration affect growth

A

it reduces - less chlorophyll - less sunlight captured - less photosynthesis - less glucose made - less respiration - less energy released - less growth

44
Q

what are the two types of animal defences

A
  1. specific
  2. non specific
45
Q

what are some non specific defences in an animal

A
  1. sticky mucus in nose/ trachea swept up by cilia to throat to be swallowed into stomach acid
  2. skin is a physical barrier
  3. stomach acid (ph2 hydrochloric acid)
46
Q

what’s a double blind trial

A

a trial where neither patients nor doctors know who has the placebo and who has the real drug. this reduces bias as doctors can see whether the drugs actually work

47
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies

A

identical antibodies produced from the same lymphocyte

48
Q

what’s a hybridoma cell

A

fusing a lymphocyte and a cancerous cell (myeloma cell) that grow rapidly to produce monoclonal antibodies

49
Q

how do pregnancy tests work

A

HCG hormone antigens bind to monoclonal antibodies that travel up a test strip causing a blue line indicating pregnancy

50
Q

how do use monoclonal antibodies for disease treatment

A

doctors can attach anti cancer drugs to monoclonal antibodies that only bind to cancer cells to stop growth and division

51
Q

the use of monoclonal antibodies for research

A
  1. they can bind to hormones/chemicals to measure levels
  2. they can test blood for pathogens
  3. they can locate molecules on cells and tissues (using dyes)
52
Q

disadvantages to monoclonal antibodies

A

can cause more side effects that expecting (fever, vomiting etc)

GSCE biology (4 decks)

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