Homo sapiens

Question 1

When did Homo sapiens originate?

Answer 1

260,000-350,000 years ago

Question 2

Jebel Irhoud 1

Answer 2

Morocco
~300,000 years old
-oldest Homo sapiens

Question 3

Omo crania

Answer 3

-partial crania
~230,000 years old
-Ethiopia
-one of the oldest H. sapiens

Question 4

Herto skull

Answer 4

-165,000 years old
-Ethiopia
-pretty much complete H. sapiens skull
-found with the skull of a child (6-7) years old that was very polished– maybe from carrying it around?

Question 5

Infant burial in a border cave in South Africa

Answer 5

-74 kya
-H. sapiens
-conus shells with ochre in the grave
-far away from coastline– trade or traveled to get them
-oldest grave goods

Question 6

Characteristics of Middle Stone Age

Answer 6

-symbolic etching
-harpooning
-jewelry
-hefted blades with a notch for affixing it to something
-smaller and more specialized tools
-travel for resources and/or trade

Question 7

When did H. sapiens begin moving to Eurasia?

Answer 7

50-100,000 years ago

Question 8

out of africa model vs multiregional model

Answer 8

out of africa:
-some H. erectus move into Eurasia and become neandertals and denisovans
-others stay in Africa and become homo sapiens
multiregional model:
-H. sapiens evolved everythwere
-gene flow throughout Africa, and eurasia between neanderthals and h. sapiens

Question 9

Qafzeh burials

Answer 9

-oldest burials– 100,000 years old
-H. sapiens burials in the Levant
-mom and child
-lots of interactions between H. sapiens and Neandertals here, probably saw it and then started doing it

Question 10

how has the lack of neandertal mDNA in modern humans been explained?

Answer 10

-neandertal females would not mate with human males?
-selection?
-many more of us than them

Question 11

how was the lack of neandertal gene sequences in modern y-chromosomes explained?

Answer 11

-original hypothesis: male offspring were sterile
-discovered late neandertals had human y-chromosomes and we actually just swamped them out

Question 12

what does evidence of H. sapiens in australia prove?

Answer 12

• boats boats boats!
  -65,000-year-old remains discovered– no way to get to Australia at that time other than boats

Question 13

how did people have time to do all of the art?

Answer 13

-people were living longer
-grandmother hypothesis: reason for a third generation to be around– help raise children, wisdom, gather food

Question 14

Kelp highway hypothesis

Answer 14

H. sapiens were in the americas before the ice corridor opened– came by boat

Question 15

When was the whole globe populated by?

Answer 15

20,000 years ago