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Homonal Coordination Flashcards

1
Q

What is the human endocrine system?

A

Composed of glands that secrete chemicals called hormones into the bloodstream. Blood carries hormones to a target organ where an effect is produced.

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2
Q

Compare the effects of the endocrine system to the effects of the nervous system?

A

Slower
Act for longer

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3
Q

What organ is blood sugar concentration monitored and controlled by?

A

Pancreas

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4
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

Master gland in brain
Secretes several hormones
These hormones act on other glands to stimulate the release of other hormones, and bring about effects

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5
Q

What is the negative feedback loop for when blood glucose is too high?

A

Pancreas releases insulin which moves from the blood into cells
Excess glucose is converted into glycogen in the LIVER and MUSCLE CELLS for storage
Blood glucose falls

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6
Q

What is the negative feedback loop for when blood glucose is too low?

A

Pancreas releases glucagon
Glycogen converted into glucose and released into blood
Amino acids and fats are broken down
Blood glucose rises

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7
Q

What is diabetes?

A

Diabetes is a non-communicable disease in which the body either cannot produce or respond to insulin, leading to uncontrolled blood glucose concentrations

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8
Q

What is Type 1 Diabetes (3 things)?

A

Early onset
Pancreas stops producing sufficient insulin
Commonly treated through insulin injections, also diet control and exercise

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9
Q

What is Type 2 Diabetes (3 things)?

A

Later onset, often as a result of obesity
Body doesn’t respond to insulin produced
Commonly treated through a carbohydrate-controlled diet and exercise

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10
Q

Maintaining water and nitrogen balance

A

Water leaves the body through the lungs via exhalation
Water, ions and urea are lost through the skin from sweat
Excess removed by kidneys as urine

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11
Q

Why must levels of water in the body be balanced?

A

Cells do not function efficiently if they lose or gain too much water

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12
Q

How do the kidneys produce urine?

A

Filtration of the blood and selective reabsorption of useful substances, such as water, glucose and some ions

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13
Q

How is the water level in the blood controlled?

A

Hormone ADH
Affects the amount of water absorbed by the kidney tubules
Negative feedback cycle

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14
Q

What is the negative feedback loop for ADH?

A

Water concentration too high/ low
Pituitary
Less/ more ADH released
Kidney tubules absorb less/ more water
Lots of/ little urine produced
Blood restored to normal

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15
Q

What is dialysis (6 steps)?

A

Blood temporarily removed from patients body
Filtered through machine
Patients blood passes over dialysis fluid
Dialysis fluid has no urea
Urea and waste products diffuse from high concentration to low concentration
Patients blood returned to body

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16
Q

What is deamination?

A

Digestion of proteins from food results in excess amino acids
Amino acids are delaminated to form ammonia
Ammonia is toxic so it is immediately converted to urea for safe excretion

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17
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

Work to maintain a steady state

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18
Q

What is adrenaline?

A

Produced by adrenal glands in times of stress and fear
Increases heart rate
Boosts delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain and muscles
Prepares the body for fight or flight
Does not involve negative feedback

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19
Q

Why is adrenaline not negative feedback?

A

Adrenal glands stop producing adrenaline

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20
Q

What is thyroxine?

A

Produced by thyroid gland
Regulates how quickly your body uses energy and makes proteins = metabolic rate
Important for growth and development
Controlled by negative feedback

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21
Q

What is oestrogen?

A

Main female reproductive hormone
Produced in the ovary
At puberty, eggs begin to mature, and one is released every 28 days
Causes lining of uterus wall to thicken
Inhibits release of FSH
Stimulates release of LH

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22
Q

What is testosterone?

A

Main male reproductive hormone
Produced by testes
Stimulates sperm production

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23
Q

What is FSH?

A

Released by pituitary gland
Causes eggs to mature
Stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen

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24
Q

What is LH?

A

Released by pituitary gland
Stimulates the release of mature eggs = ovulation

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25
What is progesterone?
Released by ovaries Maintains thick uterus lining Inhibits release of LH and FSH
26
What is the change in the ovary across the menstrual cycle?
Egg matures until around the 14th day when ovulation occurs After ovulation a yellow body forms until day 21 when it begins to break down
27
What are the levels of pituitary hormones?
Rise for first five days and then fall to day 14 Spike at day 14 (LH) Steady rate
28
What are the blood oestrogen levels over 28 days?
Steady low for 5 days Rise until day 14 when drops Gently rises to day 21 before falling again
29
What is the blood progesterone level?
Steady for 14 days before rising and then falling to day 28
30
What are oral contraceptives?
Inhibit FSH using chemicals No eggs mature
31
What is an injection/ implant/ skin patch?
Slow release of progesterone to inhibit maturation and release of eggs
32
What is barrier contraception?
Prevent sperm reaching egg E.g condom or diaphragm
33
What are intrauterine devices?
Prevent the implantation of an embryo or can release hormones
34
What are spermicidal agents?
Kill or disable sperm
35
What is abstaining?
Not having sex
36
What is another non-hormonal contraceptive method?
Male or female sterilisation
37
What is IVF?
Mother given LSH and FH to stimulate maturation of several eggs Eggs collected from mother and fertilised by sperm in a laboratory Fertilised eggs develop into embryos and are inserted into the mothers uterus
38
Disadvantages of IVF
Emotional and physical stress Low success rate Multiple births which are a risk to mother and babies
39
What is phototropism?
Orientation and growth of plants in response to light
40
What is geotropism or gravitropism?
Growth of plants in response to gravity
41
What are auxins?
Plant growth regulator Unequal distributions lead to unequal growth rates in plants roots and shoots
42
What are auxins used for?
Weed killer Roofing powder Promoting growth in tissue cultures
43
What is ethene?
Acts as a hormone to control cell division
44
What is ethene used for?
Controls ripening of fruit
45
What are gibberellins used for?
End seed dormancy Promote flowering Increase fruit size
46
What are gibberellins?
Regulate developmental processes including initiating seed germination
47
What is the hypothalamus?
Responds to signals Releases hormones to pituitary gland
48
What is the pituitary gland?
Stimulates other hormones Regulated body functions
49
What is the thyroid gland?
Controls body's metabolism Produces thyroxine, using iodine T-shirts gives negative feedback loop
50
What is the pancreas?
Produces enzymes Produces insulin and glucagon
51
What are the adrenal glands?
Stress response Produce adrenaline Causes tired glycogen in the liver to be converted to glucose for respiration and increase mental awareness Pupils dilate to let in more light and blood is diverted away from digestive system to limbs Not a negative feedback loop
52
Why can surgery on brain be done on conscious patients?
No pain receptors or sensory nerve endings Electrical stimulation
53
How can we use insulin from other animals?
Extracts of animal pancreas Animal insulin from cows and pigs Genetic engineering
54
What is core temperature?
36-38 degrees Needs to be right temp for enzymes
55
What happens when too hot?
Sweat - evaporation causes cooling Low metabolism Vasodilation - heat loss via radiation Hairs lie flat Drink more
56
What happens if too cold?
Shiver Goosebumps Hairs stand up Vasoconstriction Raises metabolism Sweat less
57
Where does carbon dioxide dissolve?
Cytoplasm to make acidic conditions, affecting enzyme activity
58
What is urea?
Breakdown of excess protein in liver into amino acids Deamination to from toxic ammonia Converted instantly to urea Filtered from blood in kidney Excess water and salts combine to make urine
59
What do the kidneys do?
Ultrafiltration: urea, water, salt and glucose diffuse from the blood through the nephron Red blood cells and large proteins are too big Selective reabsorption: In the first tube, 2/3 of the water and salts are reabsorbed. Glucose moves out via active transport. These substances go back into the blood Loop of Henle: The down part is permeable to water and not salt, water will diffuse into blood so more is reabsorbed. The up part is permeable to salt, increasing the salt concentration. Some may diffuse back into blood. Collecting duct: the remainder of the salts and water move into the collecting duct, permeable to water and controlled by ADH All the urea, non absorbed water and salt travel to the bladder to from urine and are removed from the body
60
Can kidneys be replaced?
Yes, usually from a dead donor As close a tissue match as possible
61
What is negative feedback loop for ADH?
Water concentration too high/ low At pituitary, less/ more ADH released Kidney tubules reabsorb less/ more water Lots/ little urine produced Blood restored to normal
62
What is a transplant?
No special diet No dialysis Relatively inexpensive Need donor Need tissue match Immunosuppressants

Biology (16 decks)

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