Reproduction

Question 1

How many parents in sexual reproduction?

Answer 1

Two

Question 2

How many parents in asexual reproduction?

Answer 2

1

Question 3

How does cell division take place in sexual reproduction?

Answer 3

Meiosis

Question 4

How does cell division take place in asexual reproduction?

Answer 4

Mitosis

Question 5

How does the formulation take place in sexual reproduction?

Answer 5

Fusion of male and female gametes - sperm and egg or pollen and ovule

Question 6

How does the formulation work in asexual reproduction?

Answer 6

No fusion of gametes

Question 7

What are the offspring like from sexual reproduction?

Answer 7

Produces non-identical offspring that are genetically different to parents

Question 8

What are the offspring like from asexual reproduction?

Answer 8

Produces clones/ offspring genetically identical to parents

Question 9

Is there genetic variation from sexual reproduction?

Answer 9

Wide variation between offspring and species

Question 10

Is there genetic variation from asexual reproduction?

Answer 10

No mixing of genetic information

Question 11

What are advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

Answer 11

Only one parent needed
Time and energy efficient as no mate
Faster
Many identical offspring can be produced in favorable conditions
Successful traits passed on
Reduced genetic variation
Harmful mutations passed on

Question 12

What are advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

Answer 12

Produces variation
Results in survival advantages through natural selection
Time consuming
Slower

Question 13

How do malarial parasites reproduce?

Answer 13

Asexually in humans and sexually in mosquitos

Question 14

How do fungi reproduce?

Answer 14

Asexually by spores but also sometimes sexually

Question 15

How do plants reproduce?

Answer 15

Through seeds sexually but asexually by bulb division in daffodils and runners in strawberry plants

Question 16

What is meiosis?

Answer 16

Cell division that makes gametes in the reproductive organs
DNA is replicated in the parent cell
Four genetically different daughter cells

Question 17

Gamete

Answer 17

Specialised sex cell formed by meiosis

Question 18

Chromosome

Answer 18

Long molecule found in the nucleus of cells made from DNA

Question 19

Gene

Answer 19

Part of a chromosome that codes for a protein, some characteristics controlled by a single gene, but most controlled by interaction of different genes

Question 20

Allele

Answer 20

Different forms of the same gene

Question 21

Dominant

Answer 21

Allele that only needs one copy to be expressed

Question 22

Recessive

Answer 22

Allele that needs two copies present to be expressed

Question 23

Homozygous

Answer 23

When an individual carries two copies of the same allele for a trait

Question 24

Heterozygous

Answer 24

When an individual carries two different alleles for a trait

Question 25

Genotype

Answer 25

Combination of alleles an individual has

Question 26

Phenotype

Answer 26

Physical expression of the genotype

Question 27

What is DNA?

Answer 27

Genetic material in the nucleus is composed of DNA DNA is made up of two strands forming a double helix DNA is contained in chromosomes

Question 28

What is a gene?

Answer 28

A small section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific sequence of amino acids to produce a specific protein

Question 29

What is a genome?

Answer 29

The entire genetic material of an organism

Question 30

What has studying the genome allowed scientists to do?

Answer 30

Search for genes linked to different diseases Understand and treat inherited disorders Trace human migration patterns from the past

Question 31

What is the structure of DNA?

Answer 31

DNA is a polymer made from four different nucleotides Made from a phosphate, a sugar and one of four organic bases (A, C, G, T) A sequence of three bases codes for a particular amino acid The order of bases determines the order in which amino acids are assembled to produce a protein AT/ CG

Question 32

What is protein synthesis?

Answer 32

Proteins are synthesised on the ribosomes using a template of DNA Carrier molecules bring amino acids to add the protein chain in the correct order When the protein is complete it fold up to form a specific shape and this shape allows proteins to do specific jobs as enzymes and hormones or forming structures Non-coding parts of DNA can control the expression of genes by switching them on and off

Question 33

What are mutations?

Answer 33

Mutations occur continuously and change the base code of DNA. In coding DNA they may alter the activity of a protein Most don't alter appearance or function of the protein A gene could synthesise a different protein

Question 34

What is polydactyly?

Answer 34

Caused by dominant allele, extra fingers or toes

Question 35

What is cystic fibrosis?

Answer 35

A disorder of cell membranes, caused by a recessive allele

Question 36

Hoe can suffering be alleviated from disorders?

Answer 36

Embryo screening Gene therapy

Question 37

What is a genetic cross or Punnett Square?

Answer 37

Considering the offspring that might result from two known parents

Question 38

What is sex determination?

Answer 38

Female XX Male XY One of the 23 pairs of chromosomes code for sex