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Biology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

How many parents in sexual reproduction?

A

Two

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2
Q

How many parents in asexual reproduction?

A

1

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3
Q

How does cell division take place in sexual reproduction?

A

Meiosis

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4
Q

How does cell division take place in asexual reproduction?

A

Mitosis

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5
Q

How does the formulation take place in sexual reproduction?

A

Fusion of male and female gametes - sperm and egg or pollen and ovule

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6
Q

How does the formulation work in asexual reproduction?

A

No fusion of gametes

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7
Q

What are the offspring like from sexual reproduction?

A

Produces non-identical offspring that are genetically different to parents

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8
Q

What are the offspring like from asexual reproduction?

A

Produces clones/ offspring genetically identical to parents

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9
Q

Is there genetic variation from sexual reproduction?

A

Wide variation between offspring and species

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10
Q

Is there genetic variation from asexual reproduction?

A

No mixing of genetic information

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11
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A

Only one parent needed
Time and energy efficient as no mate
Faster
Many identical offspring can be produced in favorable conditions
Successful traits passed on
Reduced genetic variation
Harmful mutations passed on

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12
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A

Produces variation
Results in survival advantages through natural selection
Time consuming
Slower

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13
Q

How do malarial parasites reproduce?

A

Asexually in humans and sexually in mosquitos

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14
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

Asexually by spores but also sometimes sexually

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15
Q

How do plants reproduce?

A

Through seeds sexually but asexually by bulb division in daffodils and runners in strawberry plants

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16
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Cell division that makes gametes in the reproductive organs
DNA is replicated in the parent cell
Four genetically different daughter cells

17
Q

Gamete

A

Specialised sex cell formed by meiosis

18
Q

Chromosome

A

Long molecule found in the nucleus of cells made from DNA

19
Q

Gene

A

Part of a chromosome that codes for a protein, some characteristics controlled by a single gene, but most controlled by interaction of different genes

20
Q

Allele

A

Different forms of the same gene

21
Q

Dominant

A

Allele that only needs one copy to be expressed

22
Q

Recessive

A

Allele that needs two copies present to be expressed

23
Q

Homozygous

A

When an individual carries two copies of the same allele for a trait

24
Q

Heterozygous

A

When an individual carries two different alleles for a trait

25
Q

Genotype

A

Combination of alleles an individual has

26
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical expression of the genotype

27
Q

What is DNA?

A

Genetic material in the nucleus is composed of DNA
DNA is made up of two strands forming a double helix
DNA is contained in chromosomes

28
Q

What is a gene?

A

A small section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific sequence of amino acids to produce a specific protein

29
Q

What is a genome?

A

The entire genetic material of an organism

30
Q

What has studying the genome allowed scientists to do?

A

Search for genes linked to different diseases
Understand and treat inherited disorders
Trace human migration patterns from the past

31
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

DNA is a polymer made from four different nucleotides
Made from a phosphate, a sugar and one of four organic bases (A, C, G, T)
A sequence of three bases codes for a particular amino acid
The order of bases determines the order in which amino acids are assembled to produce a protein
AT/ CG

32
Q

What is protein synthesis?

A

Proteins are synthesised on the ribosomes using a template of DNA
Carrier molecules bring amino acids to add the protein chain in the correct order
When the protein is complete it fold up to form a specific shape and this shape allows proteins to do specific jobs as enzymes and hormones or forming structures
Non-coding parts of DNA can control the expression of genes by switching them on and off

33
Q

What are mutations?

A

Mutations occur continuously and change the base code of DNA. In coding DNA they may alter the activity of a protein
Most don’t alter appearance or function of the protein
A gene could synthesise a different protein

34
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

Caused by dominant allele, extra fingers or toes

35
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

A disorder of cell membranes, caused by a recessive allele

36
Q

Hoe can suffering be alleviated from disorders?

A

Embryo screening
Gene therapy

37
Q

What is a genetic cross or Punnett Square?

A

Considering the offspring that might result from two known parents

38
Q

What is sex determination?

A

Female XX
Male XY
One of the 23 pairs of chromosomes code for sex

Biology (16 decks)

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