Hoofdstuk 16

Question 1

Emotions

Answer 1

A state associated with stimuli that are rewarding or punishing. These stimuli often have an inherent survival value

Question 2

Mentalizing

Answer 2

The process of inferring or attributing mental states to others

Question 3

Mirroring

Answer 3

The process of sharing the emotions or mental states of others

Question 4

Mood

Answer 4

An emotional state that is extended over time

Question 5

Hedonic value

Answer 5

Emotions are subjectively liked or disliked

Question 6

Expressions

Answer 6

External motor outcomes in the face and body associated with emotional states

Question 7

Wat viel Darwin op aan emoties?

Answer 7

Dat deze tussen dieren vaak overeen komen en dat deze dienen om te zien wat de intenties zijn van andere dieren

Question 8

Wat hielden Freud’s id, ego en super-ego in?

Answer 8

-id: primitive urges, unconscious, soms te lezen door ego
-ego: conscious mind
-super-ego: cultural norms and aspirations

Question 9

Wat dacht Freud over emoties?

Answer 9

-dat emoties unconscious zijn
-mental health probleem is een emotional disturbance

Question 10

James-Lange theory

Answer 10

The self-perception of bodily changes produces emotional experience, niet bewezen, emoties kunnen wel worden verergerd door bodily changes

Question 11

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 11

Theory centered on the hypothalamus’ role in emotions in which bodily responses occur after the emotion itself

Question 12

Papez circuit

Answer 12

A limbic-based circuit that was once thought to constitute a largely undifferentiated “emotional” brain

Question 13

Basic emotions

Answer 13

Different categories of emotions assumed to be independent of culture and with their own biological basis

Question 14

Welke emoties worden vaak als basis emoties gezien?

Answer 14

-blijheid
-verdriet
-disgust
-boosheid
-angst
-verrassing

Question 15

Moral emotions

Answer 15

Emotions that are related to the behavior of oneself or the behavior of others

Question 16

Amygdala

Answer 16

Part of the limbic system, implicated in learning the emotional value of stimuli, and in reward and fear learning

Question 17

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

Answer 17

In monkeys after bilateral amygdala and temporal lesions, an unusual tameness and emotional blunting; a tendency to examine objects with the mouth; and dietary changes

Question 18

Skin conductance response (SCR)

Answer 18

Changes in electrical conductivity on a person’s skin, triggered by certain stimuli

Question 19

Waar kan schade aan de amygdala voor zorgen bij mensen?

Answer 19

-geen skin conductance response
-kan zorgen dat je geen angst bij anderen kan zien
-horen geen angst in de stem
-affecteert leren van angst stimuli
-second order conditioning

Question 20

Welke angstcircuit zou er in de hersenen bestaan?

Answer 20

-fast route, van thalamus naar amygdala
-slow route, naar amygdala via primary visual cortex

Question 21

Insula

Answer 21

A region of the cortex buried beneath the temporal lobes; involved in body perception and contains the primary gustatory cortex; responds to digust

Question 22

Waar zorgt schade aan de insula voor?

Answer 22

-moeite met het herkennen van disgust bij anderen
-moeite met disgust uitdrukken

Question 23

Interoception

Answer 23

A sensory system for monitoring the internal state of the body

Question 24

Waarbij is de orbitofrontale cortex betrokken op gebied van emoties?

Answer 24

-bepalen hoe waardevol een stimulus is in de context
-coding rewards and punishments
-flexible changes in behavior to stimuli that are normally rewarding but suddenly cease to be
-subjective reports of pleasantness to stimuli

Question 25

Extinction learning

Answer 25

Learning that a previously rewarded stimulus in no longer rewarded

Question 26

Waarbij is de anterior cingulate betrokken op gebied van emoties?

Answer 26

-motivation -determining the costs and benefits of actions -output of bodily responses -receives input relating to pain, responds to social and physical pain

Question 27

Ventral striatum

Answer 27

Part of the basal ganglia that includes the nucleus accumbens; involved in a 'limbic circuit' connecting the orbitofrontal cortex, basal ganglia and thalamus

Question 28

Nucleus accumbens

Answer 28

-gestimuleerd door cocaine -gestimuleerd door rewarding stimuli -grotere activiteit als iets is gewonnen door samenwerking met een een ander persoon

Question 29

Conspecific

Answer 29

Other members of the same species

Question 30

Wat zeggen de modellen van Bruce en Young (cognitive) en van Haxby (neuroanatomical) over face processing?

Answer 30

Dat sociale relevante informatie van gezichten lezen erg verschilt van het herkennen van iemands identiteit

Question 31

Wat houdt het model van Bruce en Young in over face processing?

Answer 31

-er is een route voor het herkennen van emotionele expressies

Question 32

Wat houdt het model van Haxby in over face processing?

Answer 32

-aan de ene kant een time-invariant deel, voor facial identity, gekoppeld aan FFA -aan de andere kant een time-varying deel van het gezicht, voor expression en gaze processing, superior temporal sulcus

Question 33

Waar zijn de posterior superior temporal sulcus en de medial prefrontal cortex aan Gelink?

Answer 33

Mentalizing, mental states toekennen aan anderen

Question 34

Simulation theory

Answer 34

The theory that we come to understand others by vicariously producing their current state in ourselves

Question 35

Social referencing

Answer 35

The emotional response of another person may lead to avoidance or interaction with a previously neutral stimulus

Question 36

Capgras Syndrome

Answer 36

People report that their acquaintances have been replaced by "body doubles"

Question 37

Welk deel van de hersenen is betrokken bij eye direction volgen?

Answer 37

Superior temporal sulcus

Question 38

Theory of mind

Answer 38

The ability to represent the mental states of others

Question 39

Empathy

Answer 39

The ability to appreciate others' point of view and share their experiences

Question 40

Welke gebieden in de hersenen worden actief als je een proefpersoon vraagt om om een gezichtsuitdrukking na te doen?

Answer 40

-Premotor cortex -amygdala en insula

Question 41

Mirror system

Answer 41

Neural circuits or regions that disregard the distinction between self and other

Question 42

Autism

Answer 42

The presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication, and a markedly restricted repertoire of activities and interests

Question 43

Asperger Syndrome

Answer 43

A variant of autism linked to normal to high intelligence

Question 44

False belief

Answer 44

A belief that differs from one's own belief and that differs from the true state of the world

Question 45

Broken-mirror theory

Answer 45

An account of autism in which the social difficulties are considered as a consequence of mirror-system dysfunction

Question 46

Mu oscillations

Answer 46

EEG oscillations at 8-13 Hz over the sensomotorische cortex that are greatest when participants are at rest

Question 47

Welk bewijs is er voor de broken-mirror theory in de hersenen bij autisme?

Answer 47

-reduced gray matter in areas linked to mirror system, inferior frontal gyrus -less activity in inferior frontal gyrus -mu oscillaties zouden moeten verminderen bij het zien van een ander die iets doet, bij autisme is dit minder zichtbaar

Question 48

Waarvoor zijn de temporal lobes bij theory of mind?

Answer 48

-language and semantic memory -wordt gedacht dat deze te maken hebben met generating schemes over sociale en emotionele context

Question 49

Waarvoor is de medial PFC bij theory of mind?

Answer 49

-reageert meer op denken over mensen dan over andere zaken -reageert meer op denken over wat andere mensen denken -irony en metaforen