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Biology - Module 5 > Hormonal Communication > Flashcards

Hormonal Communication Flashcards

1
Q

what is thermoregulation

A

control of body temp

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2
Q

what is osmoregulation

A

control of water potential

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3
Q

what is a hormone

A

chemical messenger produced by endocrine gland + transported in blood

alter activity of one or more specific target organs

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4
Q

what is a gland

A

group of cells that secrete (produce + release) hormones

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5
Q

what are the 3 types of hormones

A

peptide hormones

steroid hormones

amino acid derivative hormones

OR

steroid vs non-steroid hormones

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6
Q

what are steroid hormones derived from

A

cholesterol

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7
Q

how do steroid hormones carry out their function

A

lipid soluble – pass through membrane

bind to receptors in nucleus or cytoplasm

form hormone-receptor complex

act as transcription factor = facilitates / inhibits transcription

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8
Q

what are non steroid hormones made from

A

amino acid / peptides

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9
Q

how do non steroid hormones carry out their function

A

hydrophilic / water-soluble

receptors on surface of cell membrane

enzyme cascade

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10
Q

examples of steroid hormones - 5

A

testosterone

oestrogen

progesterone

cortisol

aldosterone

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11
Q

examples of non-steroid hormones - 5

A

insulin

glucagon

adrenaline

noradrenaline

ADH

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12
Q

compare hormonal + nervous system

  • how they communicate
  • how they transmit
  • speed of transmission
  • targets
  • response
  • response speed
  • effect
A
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13
Q

where are the 2 adrenal glands found

A

top of each kidney

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14
Q

how large are adrenal glands

A

approx. 3cm in height + 5cm in length

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15
Q

state the 3 main structures of the adrenal glands

A

capsule

adrenal cortex

adrenal medulla

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16
Q

what is the capsule

A

fibrous layer that surrounds adrenal glands

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17
Q

what is the adrenal cortex

A

outer region of glands

produces hormones vital to life – cortisol + aldosterone

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18
Q

what is the adrenal medulla

A

inner region of glands

produces non-essential hormones – adrenaline

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19
Q

what controls the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex

A

pituitary glands

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20
Q

state the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

A

cortisol

corticosterone

androgens - oestrogen + progesterone

aldosterone

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21
Q

what type of hormone is cortisol

A

steroid hormone

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22
Q

what is the main function of cortisol

A

regulates metabolism by controlling how body converts fats / proteins / carbs into energy

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23
Q

describe the effects of cortisol

A

can stimulate gluconeogenesis = maintain blood glucose levels

can inhibit glucose uptake by tissue other than brain

regulates blood pressure

regulates cardiovascular function in response to stress

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24
Q

what is the main function of corticosterone

A

works with cortisol to regulate immune system + supress inflammatory reactions

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25
what is the release of corticosterone from the cortex controlled by
hypothalamus
26
what type of hormone are androgens
steroid hormones
27
effects of androgens
development of sexual attributes
28
what type of hormone is aldosterone
?
29
what are the effects / function of aldosterone
regulates sodium + potassium ion levels maintain blood pressure + pH balance
30
when are hormones from the adrenal medulla released
when sympathetic nervous system stimulates the medulla in times of fight or flight
31
state the hormones released from the medulla
adrenaline noradrenaline
32
what type of hormone is adrenaline
non steroid
33
what are the effects of adrenaline
prepares for fight or flight increases heart rate increases blood pressure vasodilation / vasoconstriction diverts blood away from digestive system to muscles dilates smooth muscles in airway – increase airflow increases blood glucose levels – stimulates break down of glycogen + inhibits insulin secretion from pancreas
34
what type of hormone is noradrenaline
non steroid
35
what are the effects of noradrenaline
increased heart rate widening of pupils widening of air passages in lungs diverts blood to muscles
36
difference between adrenaline + noradrenaline
?
37
where is the pancreas found
upper abdomen
38
what type of functions can the pancreas carry out - 2
endocrine + exocrine
39
what is the majority of tissue of the pancreas
exocrine glandular tissue
40
what is the main function of the exocrine tissue in the pancreas
to produce digestive enzymes + pancreatic juice (alkaline fluid)
41
what happens after the digestive juice is secreted from the exocrine pancreatic tissue
these secreted into ducts which leads to pancreatic duct then released into duodenum (top part of small intestine)
42
what is in the pancreatic juice
pancreatic amylases – break down starch into simple sugar trypsin (protease) – break down proteins into amino acids pancreatic lipases – break down lipids into fatty acids + glycerol
43
where is the pancreatic endocrine tissue found
in exocrine tissue there are small sections of endocrine tissue
44
what is the overall purpose of pancreatic endocrine tissue
produce insulin + glucagon
45
whats the name of exocrine tissue in the pancreas
pancreatic acini
46
whats the name of endocrine tissue in the pancreas
islets of langerhans
47
describe the histology of islets of langerhans
lightly stained large spherical clusters
48
describe the histology of pancreatic acini
darker stained small berry like clusters
48
what are the two types of cells in the islets of langerhans
alpha beta
49
what do alpha + beta cells secret
alpha - glucagon beta - insulin
50
histological difference between alpha + beta cells
alpha cells larger + more numerous than beta cells within an islet need differential staining to differentiate between the two
51
what functions increases blood glucose conc
Diet – carbohydrates broken down to glucose Glycogenolysis – glycogen stored in the liver + muscle cells broken down into glucose Gluconeogenesis – production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources e.g form glycerol + amino acids
52
what functions decreases blood glucose conc
Respiration – higher levels of physical activity, higher demand for glucose Glycogenesis – production of glycogen from excess glucose stored in liver
53
main role of insulin
Lowers blood glucose concentration
54
how does insulin lower blood conc
Increasing rate of absorption of glucose – especially skeletal muscle cells Increasing respiratory rate of cells – increases demand for glucose Increasing rate of glycogenesis – stores glycogen into liver + muscle cells Increasing rate of glucose into fat conversion Inhibiting release of glucagon from alpha cells
55
is insulin broken down
yes by the liver
56
what type of feedback is blood glucose control
negative feedback
57
which cells have insulin receptors
most - except RBC
58
what is the main role of glucagon
raise blood glucose concentration
59
which cells have glucagon receptors
only liver and fat cells
60
how does glucagon increase blood conc
Glycogenolysis – liver breaks down glycogen store into glucose Reducing amount of glucose absorbed by liver cells Increasing gluconeogenesis
61
describe the process of how the secretion of glucagon results in glycogenolysis
Secreted by alpha cells Binds to receptors in cell surface membranes of liver cells Causes conformational change in receptor protein Activates G protein Activates adenylyl cyclase Catalyses conversion of ATP to secondary messenger – cAMP cAMP binds to + activates protein kinase A enzyme activate phosphorylase kinase enzymes by adding phosphate group to them activate glycogen phosphorylase enzymes catalyse breakdown of glycogen to glucose
62
describe how insulin secretion is controlled when glucose level is stable
normal levels of glucose – potassium channels in membrane of beta cells are open potassium ions diffuse out of cell inside cell = -70mV
63
describe how insulin secretion is controlled when glucose level is increased
when glucose rises – glucose enters beta cells by glucose transporter glucose metabolised in mitochondria – produce ATP ATP binds to potassium channels + causes them to close (ATP sensitive potassium channels) Potassium ion stay in cell – depolarises cell to -30mV Voltage gated calcium channels to open Calcium ions enter cell + cause secretory vesicles to release insulin by exocytosis
64
how does insulin increase uptake of glucose by cells - mechanism
Rate of glucose uptake limited by number of glucose transporter protein Insulin binds to specific receptors on membranes of target cell Causes them to activate more glucose transporter proteins Increases permeability to glucose Rate of facilitated diffusion increases
65
target cells of insulin
muscle cells fast storage cells adipose tissue liver cells
66
what is type 1 diabetes
when the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin
67
what type of disease is type 1 diabetes
autoimmune normally begins in childhood
68
what is type 2 diabetes
Receptors reduced in number // do not work properly– body cant respond to insulin Reduced glucose uptake in liver + fat storage tissues High blood glucose concentration Cause beta cells to produce larger amounts of insulin – damages cells
69
what are the risk factors for type 2 diabetes
Obesity + Physical inactivity High blood pressure High blood cholesterol Genetics + ethnic groups
70
describe the treatment for type 1 diabetes
Fast-acting / slow-acting insulin Insulin dependent – controlled by insulin injections
71
what happens if you inject too much insulin
hypoglacaemia Too low blood glucose conc Unconsciousness
72
what happens if you inject too little insulin
hyperglacaemia Death + unconsciousness
73
treatments for type 2 diabetes
Sugar + fat-controlled diet Exercise regime Drugs that stimulate insulin production Drugs that slow down rate at which body absorbs glucose from intestine Insulin injections
74
where did insulin use to come from
pancreas of cows / pigs
75
what are the benefits of using human insulin
Produced in pure form – less likely to cause allergic reaction Insulin can be produced more Cheaper ethics
76
what are some potential treatments for diabetes
stem cells
77
how can stem cells be used to treat diabetes
totipotent stem cells – from embryos grow into pancreatic beta cells in islets of Langerhans transplanted into pancreas – replace damaged cells

Biology - Module 5 (8 decks)

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