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Biology - Module 5 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

examples of transporting substances across membranes

A

active transport using sodium-potassium pump in cell membrane

exocytosis of digested bacteria from WBC

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1
Q

state 4 reasons why we need respiration

A

transporting substances across membranes

anabolic reactions

movement

maintaining body temp

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2
Q

examples of anabolic reactions

A

synthesis of DNA from nucleotides

synthesis of proteins from amino acids

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3
Q

examples of movement

A

cellular movement of chromosomes via spindle

mechanical contraction of muscles

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4
Q

what are the stages of aerobic respiration

A

glycolysis

link reaction

krebs cycle

oxidative phosphorylation

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5
Q

how large are the mitochondria

A

0.5 – 1 micrometres in diameter

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6
Q

describe the structure of a mitochondria

A

two phospholipid bilayers - outer + inner membrane

intermembrane space

matrix

cristae

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7
Q

what is cristae

A

projections of the inner membrane that increase the surface area for oxidative phosphorylation

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8
Q

describe the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

Folded (cristae)
- large surface area – membrane hold many chains / enzymes

Less permeable

Site of electron transport chain

Location of ATP synthase enzymes

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9
Q

describe the outer mitochondrial membrane

A

Smooth

Permeable to some small molecules

compartmentalisation

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10
Q

describe the inter-membrane space

A

proteins pumped into this space by electron transport chain

Has low pH – high conc of protons

Conc gradient across inner membrane form during oxidative phosphorylation – essential for ATP synthesis

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11
Q

describe the matrix

A

Aqueous solution in inner membranes of mitochondrion

Has ribosomes / enzymes / circular mitochondrial DNA

enzymes for krebs cycle + links reaction

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12
Q

label this

A
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13
Q

overall description of glycolysis

A

phosphorylation + splitting of glucose

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14
Q

overall description of link reaction

A

decarboxylation + dehydrogenation of pyruvate

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15
Q

overall description of krebs cycle

A

cyclical pathways with enzyme-controlled reactions

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16
Q

overall description of oxidative phosphorylation

A

production of ATP through oxidation of hydrogen atoms

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17
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

cell cytoplasm

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18
Q

where does link reaction occur

A

matrix of mitochondria

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19
Q

where does krebs cycle occur

A

matrix of mitochondria

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20
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur

A

inner membrane of mitochondria

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21
Q

what are the 4 stages of glycolysis

A

phosphorylation

lysis

oxidation

dephosphorylation

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22
Q

what happens in phosphorylation - glycolysis

A

Glucose phosphorylated by 2 ATP

Forms fructose / hexose bisphosphate – 6C

Glucose + 2ATP → Fructose bisphosphate

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23
Q

what happens in lysis - glycolysis

A

Fructose bisphosphate splits into two molecules of triose phosphate 3C

Another phosphate group added to each one – 2 triose bisphosphate

Fructose bisphosphate → 2 Triose phosphate

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24
what happens in oxidation - glycolysis
Hydrogen removed from each molecule of triose phosphate + transferred to coenzyme NAD - triose phosphate is oxidised Forms 2 molecules of reduced NAD 4H + 2NAD → 2NADH + 2H+
25
what happens in dephosphorylation - glycolysis
Phosphates transferred from intermediate substrate molecules Forms 4 ATP through substrate – linked phosphorylation Forms 2 pyruvate molecules 3C
26
describe glycolysis in full
* Phosphorylation Glucose phosphorylated by 2 ATP Forms fructose / hexose bisphosphate – 6C Glucose + 2ATP → Fructose bisphosphate * Lysis Fructose bisphosphate splits into two molecules of triose phosphate 3C Another phosphate group added to each one – 2 triose bisphosphate Fructose bisphosphate → 2 Triose phosphate * Oxidation Hydrogen removed from each molecule of triose phosphate + transferred to coenzyme NAD - triose phosphate is oxidised Forms 2 molecules of reduced NAD 4H + 2NAD → 2NADH + 2H+ * Dephosphorylation Phosphates transferred from intermediate substrate molecules Forms 4 ATP through substrate – linked phosphorylation Forms 2 pyruvate molecules 3C
27
what are the end products per glucose molecule of glycolysis
2 pyruvate molecules Net gain of 2 ATP 2 reduced NAD
28
draw out glycolysis in a diagram
29
what type of reaction is glycolysis
anaerobic
30
what is the link reaction also known as
oxidative decarboxylation
31
what type of reaction is the link reaction
aerobic
32
describe the link reaction in full
(2) Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix via active transport Carbon dioxide is removed Hydrogen removed – oxidative decarboxylation Hydrogens accepted by NAD – form NADH The 2C acetyl group is bound by coenzyme a forming acetylcoenzyme A (acetyl CoA) Acetyle CoA delivers acetyl group to krebs cycle
33
put the link reaction into a digram
34
what is CoA
Consists of nucleoside (ribose + adenine ) + a vitamin
35
what are the end products of the link reaction per glucose molecule
2 Acetyl CoA molecules 2 Carbon dioxide molecules 2 Reduced NAD molecules
36
describe the krebs cycle
Acetyl CoA delivers acetyl group to krebs cycle 2C acetyl group combines with 4C oxaloacetate to form 6C citrate Citrate molecule undergoes decarboxylation + dehydrogenation and is reverted back to oxaloacetate via redox reactions
37
more specifically - describe the regeneration of oxaloacerate
* Decarboxylation of citrate Releases 2 molecules of carbon dioxide as waste gas * Oxidation / dehydrogenation of citrate Releases H atoms that reduce coenzyme NAD and FAD 8H + 3NAD + FAD → 3NADH + 3H+ + FADH2 * Substrate – level phosphorylation Phosphate transferred from intermediate to ADP Forms 1 ATP
38
draw out the krebs cycle
39
what are the end products of the krebs cycle per gluclose molecule
4 molecules of carbon dioxide 6 NADH molecules 2 FADH molecules 2 ATP molecules
40
conenzymes in respiration
CoA NAD FAD
41
importance of CoA
CoA binds to acetyl group (2C) + forms acetyl CoA Supplied acetyl group to krebs cycle
42
importance of NAD / FAD
Transfer the hydrogen atoms they got when they were reduced to the electron transport chain on inner mitochondrial membrane
43
how much reduced NAD is formed throughout respiration and where from
2 x 1 = 2 from Glycolysis 2 x 1 = 2 from the Link Reaction 2 x 3 = 6 from the Krebs cycle
44
how much reduced FAD is formed throughout respiration and where from
2 x 1 = 2 from the Krebs cycle
45
what is the model of oxidative phosphorylation
chemiosmotic theory
46
describe the full process of oxidative phosphorylation
Hydrogen atoms donated by NADH + reduced FAD Hydrogen atoms split into H+ and electrons High energy electrons enter electron transport chain Release energy as they move through Released energy used to actively transport protons across inner mitochondrial membrane = from matrix into intermembrane space Conc gradient established Protons return to matrix via facilitated diffusion – through channel protein ATP synthase movement of protons down conc gradient provides energy for ATP synthesis oxygen – final electron acceptor combines with protons + electrons at end of transport chain to form water
47
describe the electron transport chain
Made up of series of membrane proteins / electron carriers Positioned close together
48
why are the H+ needed to be actively transported across the membrane
Inner membrane impermeable to H ions so electrons carriers are needed to pump proton
49
what membrane are these protons being pumped across
from matrix into intermembrane space across inner membrane
50
talk through this diagram
51
what are the consequences of lack of oxygen
no final acceptor of electrons electron transport chain stops functioning No more ATP is produced via oxidative phosphorylation Reduced NAD and FAD aren’t oxidised by an electron carrier No oxidised NAD and FAD are available for dehydrogenation in the Krebs cycle Krebs cycle stops
52
what are Obligate anaerobe
can’t survive in oxygen – prokaryotes
53
what are Facultative anaerobes
synthesis ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but can switch to anaerobic in absence – yeast
54
what are obligate aerobe
only make ATP in presence of oxygen organism as a whole
55
what is fermentation
process by which complex organic compounds are broken down into simpler inorganic compounds without oxygen or electron transport chain
56
how is ATP produced in fermentation
by substrate-level phosphorylation Production of ATP with transfer of phosphate group from short-lived, highly reactive intermediate – creatinine phosphate
57
what is alcoholic fermentation
Pyruvate converted to ethanal (Catalysed by pyruvate decarboxylase) Ethanal then accept hydrogen atom from reduced NAD – ethanol Regenerated NAD – enzyme + glycolysis occurs
58
why is less ATP produced in fermentation than aerobic respiration
glucose not fully broken down
59
what type of reaction is alcoholic fermentation
Irreversible + can continue indefinitely
60
disadvantages of alcoholic fermentation
- less ATP produced - ethanol - toxic to yeast
61
how does lactate fermentation work
Pyruvate – act as hydrogen acceptor - takes hydrogen from reduced NAD (Catalysed by lactate dehydrogenase) Pyruvate then converted into lactate NAD regenerated Glycolysis can continue
62
where does lactate fermentation occur
in mammals
63
disadvantages of lactate fermentation
Cannot occur indefinitely Reduced quality of ATP produced not enough to maintain metabolic process Accumulation of lactic acid – reduced pH – proteins denaturing Respiratory enzymes + muscle filaments will cease to function at low pH
64
what catalyses lactate fermentation
lactate dehydrogenase
65
what catalyses alcoholic fermentation
pyruvate decarboxylase
66
compare aerobic + anaerobic respiration stages oxidation of glucose total ATP produced location products
67
examples of respiratory substrates
Glucose Other carbohydrates Lipids Proteins (Only respired aerobically when all other substrates used up // Structural + functional roles )
68
which respiratory substrate has the greatest + lowest energy values
69
why is there a difference in energy values
Substrate molecule broken down + hydrogen atoms available Hydrogen carrier molecules – NAD / FAD – gain these hydrogens transfer them to the inner mitochondrial membrane reduced NAD + FAD release hydrogen atoms - split into protons + electrons protons pumped across inner mitochondrial membrane into intermembrane space proton gradient – chemiosmosis – ATP production protons oxidised to form water molecules with higher hydrogen content – greater proton gradient + form MORE ATP
70
why does lipids have the greatest energy value
fatty acids in lipids – long hydrocarbon chain – lots of hydrogen atoms
71
what can pyruvate be used for
72
what is the formula for the respiratory quotient
73
what will cause different RQ values
different number of carbon-hydrogen bonds more carbon-hydrogen bonds means more hydrogen atoms in proton gradient more ATP produced more oxygen therefore needed to breakdown molecule
74
RQ value of glucose + why
glucose – equal amount of carbon dioxide + oxygen RQ value of 1
75
what substrate has the lowest RQ value
lipids
76
why is respiration not entirely efficient
some H+ leak back into matrix

Biology - Module 5 (8 decks)

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