Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biochemistry > Hormonal regulation > Flashcards

Hormonal regulation Flashcards

(72 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Which organ is both part of the endocrine and the nervous system?

A

The brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What types of cell-cell communications are there?

A
  • Autocrine
  • Paracrine
  • Neurocrine
  • Endocrine
  • Synaptic action
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of water soluble are there?

A
  • Amines (Epinephrine)
  • Peptides (Insulin)
  • Eicosanoids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

From which substances are eicosanoid

A

Prostaglandins and leukotrienes produced from arachadonic acid (fatty acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are two types of lipid soluble hormones

A
  • Steroids (from cholesterol)
  • Thyroid hormones (Iodine added to tyrosine)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How can lipid soluble hormones be transported?

A

By attaching to transport proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are two important uses of transport proteins?

A
  • Prevent loss of hormone by kidney filtration
  • Make the hormones water soluble
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the regulation of water soluble hormones on a cell

A
  1. Hormone binds to membrane receptor
  2. G protein activates cAMP from ATP by adenylate cyclase
  3. cAMP activates protein kinases
  4. Protein kinases activate other enzymes
  5. Enzymes produce physiological responses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the regulation of lipid soluble hormones in a cell

A
  1. Hormones diffuses into cell
  2. Binds to nucleus receptor
  3. Receptor-hormone complex alters gene expression
  4. New proteins produces physiological responces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How can different genes be transcribed by different lipid soluble hormones?

A

It depends on DNA elements and the hormone-receptor complex. Different genes have different promotor sequences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are four different types of receptors?

A
  • Channel-linked (ions)
  • Enzyme-linked (receptor=enzyme)
  • G-protein-coupled
  • Intracellular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why can lipid soluble hormones be toxic?

A

They can easily diffuse into the cell

steroid analogues can trigger steroid like responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is DDT?

A
  • Insecticide that binds to steroid receptors
  • Anti-androgenic and pro-estrogenic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is DES?

A
  • Estrogen analog used to treat women to prevent miscarriage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the effects of DES in daughters?

A
  • developmental deficits of the reproductive tract
  • Higher incidence of homo and bisexuality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the effects of DES in sons?

A
  • Hypogonadism
  • Low testosterone
  • Higher incidence of transsexuality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How can intake of testosterone later in life be dangerous?

A

Testosterone stimulates growth and can increase DNA mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are four hormonal interactions?

A
  1. Permissive effect
  2. Synergistic effect
  3. Antagonistic effect
  4. Integrative effect (Most cases)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Example of permissive effect?

A

Thyroid hormone required for epinephrine to release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Example of synergistic effect?

A

Estrogen and LH stimulate oocyte production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Example of antagonistic effect?

A

Insulin and glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which hormonal feedback is more common, negative or positive?

A

Negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is target cell feedback?

A

When the last hormone to stimulate the target cells inhibits hormone release from endocrine tissue (Can be by metabolites as well)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which type of cell-cell connection between hypothalamus and pituitary?

A

Endoneuronal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Does the posterior pituitary have long or short axons?
Long
26
How are endocrine substances from the hypothalamus released into the posterior pituitary?
Directly into the blood
27
The pituitary is which type of tissue?
Neuronal
28
How do substances release into the anterior pituitary?
1. Released into the bloodstream which have to diffuse into the endocrine tissue 2. Other hormones are released from that endocrine tissue
29
Are the axons of the neurosecretary neurons short or long in the anterior pituitary?
Short
30
What are two regions in the posterior pituitary that both release peptide hormones?
The POS and PVN
31
Which hormone does the SON release?
Oxytocin
32
Which hormones does the PVN release?
* Arginine vasopressin (AVP) * Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
33
How many positions between oxytocin and vasopressin are different?
Two
34
What does vasopressin do?
Regulates blood pressure and salt balance (osmolarity of the blood)
35
What does oxytocin do?
* Stimulates muscle contraction in the uterus * Stimulates milk ejection
36
How does vasopressing increase water resorption to the blood?
* Increases aquaporin production * Increases transport of aquaporins to the membrane of the tubule
37
Vasopressin binds to which type of receptor?
G-protein-coupled receptor | cAMP activates protein kinase
38
What are circumventricular organs?
Brain structures that lie outside the blood-brain barrier that can easily detect changes in the blood
39
Why are circumventricular organs needed?
To detect bodily changes such as blood pressure that were altered under influence of hormones and give feedback on that change
40
How are osmolarity and vasopressin regulated?
1. Plasma osmolarity increases 2. OVLT senses increase 3. Hypothalamus releases vasopressin into pituitary
41
Which circumventricular organ senses changes in osmolarity?
OVLT
42
How are vasopressin and blood pressure regulated?
1. Blood pressure decreases 2. Baroreceptors in sinus carotis and aorta sense that 3. Baroreceptors transmit signal via IX/X nerves to the NST 4. NST transmits signal to VLM 5. VLM transmits signal to hypothalamus 6. Hypothalamus releases vasopressin via pituitary 7. Vasopressin increases reabsorption
43
Which circumventricular organs are involved in blood pressure?
NST and VLM
44
By which cells does the kidney sense low fluid flow or low Na+ concentration?
Macula densa cells
45
What does the VP and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone complex do?
Increases fluid flow and Na+ concentration
46
Which enzyme does the kidney secrete into the blood when blood flow is low?
Renin
47
Which enzyme does the liver secrete into the blood when fluid flow is low?
Angiotensin
48
What do renin and angiotensin form in the blood?
Angiotensin 1
49
What do the lungs secrete into the blood to react with angiotensin 1?
Angiotensin converting enzyme
50
What do angiotensin converting enzyme and angiotensin 1 form?
Angiotensin 2
51
What does angiotensin cause directly?
Widespread vasoconstriction
52
Which circumventricular organ does angiotensin 2 stimulate?
SFO | =Subfornical organ
53
Which hormone release does SFO stimulate?
Vasopressin
54
What does angiotensin 2 stimulate the production of in the adrenal cortex?
Aldosterone | Stimulates Na+ uptake
55
By which two hormones are fluid flow and low Na+ concentration balanced?
Vasopressin and aldosterone
56
What is diabetes insipidus?
Impairment of water resorption
57
How many liters would people with DI urinate a day?
10-20 liters
58
How is DI treated?
With vasopressin analogues with long half-life times
59
What are the two types of DI?
* Central DI * Peripheral DI
60
How can central DI be caused? | Inability to secrete vasopressin
* Genetic defect of the vasopressin gene * Destruction of magnocellular neurons by a tumor
61
How is peripheral DI caused? | Inability to respond to vasopressin
* Genetic defect of the vasopressin receptor gene * Inability to produce or insert enough aquaporins into the membrane
62
How are the pancreatic islets called ?
Islets of Langerhans
63
Are the islets of Langherhans exocrine or endocrine?
Endocrine | Think of Insulin/glucagon
64
How are the pancreatic exocrine cells called?
Pancreatic acini | Acinus=berry
65
What are the four types of Langerhans cells?
* Alpha cells * Beta cells * Delta cells * F cells
66
What do delta cells secrete?
Growth-hormone ihibiting hormone
67
What do F cells secrete
Pancreatic polypeptide
68
What does pancreatic polypeptide do?
Regulates the production of pancreatic digestive enzymes
69
What is diabetes mellitus
When glucose accumulates in the blood and is not secreted by kidneys and is not taken up by tissues.
70
When glucose is not taken up by tissues in DM, what do the tissues use as an energy source?
Lipids and proteins
71
What does DM cause in tissues?
* Diabetic nephropathy * Diabetic neuropathy * Retinopathy * Heart problems
72
What is type 1 DM?
Inadequate insulin production | 5%

Biochemistry (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions