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Stress hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the SON?

A

Supraoptic nucleus

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2
Q

What is the PVN?

A

Paraventricular nucleus

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3
Q

What does the supraoptic nucleus synthesize?

A

Oxytocin

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4
Q

What hormones does the paraventricular nucleus synthesize?

A
  • Vasopressin
  • Antidiuretic hormone
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5
Q

What embyological origin does the anterior pituitary have?

A

Endocrine tissue

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6
Q

Do the hormones synthesized by the secretary neurons travel a large or small distance?

A

Small

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7
Q

What are the five hypothalamus-pituitary axes?

A
  • HPA (Adrenals)
  • HPT (Thyroid)
  • HPG (Gonads)
  • GH (Growth)
  • Prolactin
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8
Q

Describe the HPA axis

A
  1. Corticotrophin releasing hormone
  2. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
  3. Tissue: Adrenal cortex
  4. Adrenal cortex releases glucocorticoids
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9
Q

Describe the HPT axis

A
  1. Thyrotrophin releasing hormone
  2. Thyroid stimulating hormone
  3. Tissue: Thyroid
  4. Thyroid releases T3/T4
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10
Q

Describe the HPG axis

A
  1. Gonadotrophin releasing hormone
  2. FSH/LH
  3. Tissue: Gonads
  4. Gonads release sex steroids
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11
Q

Describe GH axis

A
  1. Growth hormone releasing hormone
  2. GH
  3. Tissue: Liver, fibroblasts, myoblasts, chondrocytes etc
  4. Tissue releases somatomedins
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12
Q

Which release-inhibiting hormone inhibits growth hormone releasing hormone?

A

Somatostatin

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13
Q

Describe the prolactin axis

A
  1. Prolactin releasing factor
  2. Prolactin
  3. Tissue: Mammary glands
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14
Q

Which hormone inhibits prolactin releasing factor?

A

Dopamine

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15
Q

How does GH influence glucose and amino acid levels?

A
  • GH inhibits glucose uptake
  • GH increases amino acid uptake and synthesis of proteins
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16
Q

Which tissues are especially sensitive to GH?

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Bone tissue
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17
Q

How do sex hormones effect GH release?

A

They increase GH release and initiate a grow spurt

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18
Q

How does GH regulate fatty acids?

A

Mobilizes fatty acids to be taken up by muscle as energy substrate

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19
Q

What environmental factors influence GH release?

A
  • Exercise
  • Fasting
  • Stress

These factors all increase GH secretion

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20
Q

When during a 24h period is GH released the most?

A

Night

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21
Q

Which factors have a negative feedback on the GH axis?

A
  • Somatomedins
  • Blood metabolites such as glucose
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22
Q

What does someone look like with pituitary dwarfism?

A

Normal body proportions

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23
Q

How does someone look like with achondroplasia?

A

Disproportional body with shorter limbs

Most common, bone problem

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24
Q

What is psychogenic dwarfism?

A

Dwarfism with psychological causes

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25
What is pycnodysostosis?
A genetic disorder that causes dwarfism
26
What is the primary stimulus of HPA axis?
Stress
27
HPA axis is most active during what part of the day?
Morning
28
Corticotrophic releasing hormone acts synergistically with what hormones to release adrenocorticotrophic hormone?
Vasopressin (AVP)
29
What is the primary glucocorticoid released by the adrenal glands?
Cortisol
30
Cortisol has what function?
To convert long-time energy substrates into short-term energy substrates like glucose
31
Where does negative feedback occur? | By glucocorticoids
* Hippocampus * Hypothalamus * Pituitary
32
Which two types of steroid hormones are released from the adrenals?
* Glucocorticoids * Mineralocorticoids
33
What is the main mineralocorticoid?
Aldosterone
34
By which substance is aldosterone stimulated?
Angiotensin 2
35
What is the difference in affinity between mineralocoritcoid receptors and glucocorticoid receptors?
* MR have high affinity * GR have low affinity
36
Where are mineralocorticoid receptors highly expressed?
Limbic structures
37
Where are glucocorticoid receptors expressed?
Widely throughout the body
38
What do glucocorticoid receptors inhibit?
* Vasopressin gene expression * Corticotrophic releasing hormone
39
Where are GR and MR receptors co-expressed?
In the hippocampus | To detect cortisol levels
40
When is the HPA axis activated?
During prolonged states of stress | So not during specific stress responses
41
What is stress defined as?
Conditions that threat homeostasis | Can be short or long term
42
What is primary addison's disease?
Inability to produce cortisol
43
What is secondary addison's disease
Inability to produce adrenocorticotrophic hormone
44
What is cushing's disease
Overproduction of cortisol, often by tumors or sometimes genetic
45
Prominent symptom of cushing's disease?
Increases fat around the neck
46
When is the HPT axis stimulated?
Temperature changes
47
When is thyroid releasing hormones high?
During the night
48
What does thyroid hormone increase?
Oxygen consumption to generate heat
49
Where does negative feedback occur?
* Pituitary * Hypothalamus
50
From which amino acid are thyroid hormones produced?
Tyrosine
51
Which type of thyroid hormone is secreted the most?
T4 | 90%
52
Where is T4 converted to T3 | T3=most potent
In the liver and kidneys
53
Which ions are trapped into the thyroid cells?
Iodine
54
DEscribe the steps of Thyroid hormone synthesis?
1. Iodine trapping 2. Thyroglobulin production on the rough ER and golgi complex 3. Oxidation of iodine 4. Iodination of tyrosine 5. Coupling T1/2 6. Pinocytosis and digestion of colloid in lysosome 7. T3/4 are transported in the blood via thyroglobulin
55
Describe the steps of gene transcription by thyroid hormone
1. Thyroid and retinoic acid receptor bind to DNA promotor as a dimer 2. T3 and retinoic acid bind to the receptor only when they are attached to the DNA 3. Transcription is activated
56
What is the result of DNA synthesis after binding T3
Enzyme production that are involved in energy utilization and ATP production
57
What is myxedema?
* Hypothyroidism due to immune disease * Or insufficient TSH release (secondary hypothyroidism)
58
Thyroid hormone replacement therapy is called?
Levothyroxine | Cannot be used after removal of the thyroid
59
What is Grave's disease
* Hyperthyroidism
60
What are symptoms of Grave's disease?
* Swollen thyroid gland * Bulging eyes
61
How can Grave's disease be helped?
* Radioactive iodine therapy * Thyroid hormone replacement therapy afterwards
62
When maternal T4 is low during pregnancy (hypothyroxinemia), what happens to the foetus?
Neurological cretinism
63
What is neurological cretinism?
* Reduced synapse formation * Reduced myelination * Reduced axonal transport * Mental retardation
64
Where is hypothyroxinemia still prevalent?

Biochemistry (13 decks)

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