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Hormone Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

what are hormones

A

Chemical messengers transported in the blood stream

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2
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

a system made up of glands which secrete hormones directly into the blood stream to target cells

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3
Q

What does the endocrine system control

A

Blood glucose concentration, body temperature and water levels

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4
Q

what happens when thyroxine levels Fall

A
  • change is detected by hypothalamus
  • more TSH is secreted by pituitary glands
  • more thyroxine is secreted
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5
Q

what happens when thyroxine levels rise

A
  • change is detected by hypothalamus
  • less TSH is secreted by pituitary glands
  • thyroxine levels fall
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6
Q

Why do hormones only affect certain tissues or organs

A

Target cells in the certain tissue or organ have special chemical receptors for the particular hormone

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7
Q

What happens if you have an underactive or overactive thyroid

A

Overactive: underweight as rate of metabolism is faster
Underactive: overweight as rate of metabolism is slower

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8
Q

Curing type 1 diabetes : methods

A

Pancreas transplant
Transporting genetic cells produced by genetic engineering

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9
Q

Advantages/ disadvantages of a pancreas transplant

A

ADV: no need for insulin injections, no need to monitor blood glucose levels, no dietary requirements

DIS: high risk operation, risk of rejection and infection, shortage of donors, need to take immunosuppressants

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10
Q

Advantages and disadvantages:

A

ADV: no need to wait for a donor, no need for insulin injections, not as risk as a transplant
DIS: limited success, considered “unethical”

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11
Q

treatments for type 2 diabetes

A
  • healthy balanced diet
  • more exercise and losing weight
  • medication

The higher the BMI, the more likely you are to develop type 2 diabetes

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12
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of kidney dialysis

A

ADV: patient is kept alive, patient’s blood is clean and prevents urea from building up, shorter waiting time for treatment

DIS: Diet is restricted, patients blood must be thinned, risk of infection is higher as patient is punctured constantly. more time spent in hopsital

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13
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of a kidney transplant

A

ADV: donors can be alive - larger volume of donors, no dietary restrictions, concentration of urea is automatically controlled, single operation, less visits to doctor/hospital, patient is alive, can live a flexible lifestyle

DIS: Patient and donor must take immunosuppressants for life, risk of rejection and infection, long recovery from surgery. Tissue from donor must be the same type as the patient’s tissue.

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14
Q

Products of excretion of waste

A
  • carbon dioxide: causes blood to become acidic, affecting enzymes. removed by exhalation
  • Urea: liver turns excess amino acids into ammonia and then into urea. Urea is poisonous and a build up of it can cause damage to cells. Kidney filters out urea from blood stream and into urine or sweat
  • water and mineral ions: removed by sweating, urination and exhalation
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15
Q

why must excess water be removed

A

so cells don’t take up water via osmosis and burst.
The w.p in cells and blood must be the same, or cells won’t function properly

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16
Q

digestion of excess protein results in what

A

excess amino acids which are converted into ammonia in the liver. ammonia can be toxic so it is converted into urea.

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17
Q

How does the kidney filter blood

A
  1. ultrafiltration
  2. selective reabsorption
  3. osmoregulation
  4. excretion
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18
Q

Ultrafiltration

A

Glucose, mineral ions, water and urea are all filtered out the blood and into the nephron.
Proteins, enzymes and antibodies remain in the blood as they are too large to pass through

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19
Q

Selective reabsorption

A

ALL glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed back into the blood stream.
The volume of water and mineral ions absorbed back into the blood stream depends on what the body needs
Water moves back via osmosis and mineral ions move back via active transport

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20
Q

Osmoregulation

A

control of water levels in the blood

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21
Q

Excretion

Study These Flashcards
A

All urea is excreted with excess water and mineral ions

22
Q

If blood is too dilute what happens

Study These Flashcards
A
  • receptors detect water potential is too high and instructs P. gland to release LESS ADH
  • Kidney tubules become less permeable and less water is absorbed back into the blood stream
  • larger volume of dilute urine goes to the bladder
23
Q

If blood is too concentrated what happens

Study These Flashcards
A
  • receptors detect water potential is too low and instructs the p. gland to release more ADH
  • kidney tubules become more permeable and more water is reabsorbed back into the blood stream
  • blood becomes less concentrated and more dilute
24
Q

explain how a kidney may be rejected

Study These Flashcards
A
  • patient’s immune system detects kidney as a foreign body
  • antibodies are produced
  • antibodies bind to antigens on kidney surface and destroy the kidney
25
Describe how a healthy kidney produces urine
- The kidney filters all glucose, urea, water and mineral ions out of the blood - All glucose that was filtered out is reabsorbed back into the blood stream - some water and some mineral ions are reabsorbed to maintain a constant level - urea which is a toxic substance is removed by kidneys and excreted in urine
26
why do plants produce hormones
to coordinate and control growth and responses to light and gravity
27
what stimuli are plants sensitive to
- gravity - light - moisture they are all directional stimuli and act in a particular direction
28
what is auxin and what does it do
Auxin is the hormone responsible for growth in a plant It's produced at the tip of a shoot and diffuses down slowly. If the shoot is in the dark or all round light, auxin diffuses evenly If the shoot is in uneven lighting - unilateral lighting - auxin moves towards the shaded part of a plant and accumulates there. It causes the side to elongate and the shoot bends towards the light
29
commercial uses of plant hormones ethene Gibberellins auxins
Ethene: causes fruit to ripen, controls cell division Gibberellins: Increases fruit size, promotes flowering, promotes seed germination, ends seed dormancy Auxins: rooting powders, weed killers
30
Look over Required practical 8 in Onenote
effect of light or gravity on growth of seedlings
31
male and female secondary sex characteristics
male: broader shoulders, sperm production begins, voice deepens slightly female: hips widen, breast development, sexual drive develops, menstruation, pubic hair grows
32
What is puberty
when a chhild's body develops into an adult's body
33
how long is the menstrual cycle
around 28 days
34
Order of hormones in the menstrual cycle
FOLP 1. FSH 2. Oestrogen 3. LH 4. Progesterone
35
what is the role of FSH and where is it produced
Pituitary glands - causes egg to mature and stimulates release of oestrogen
36
what is the role of oestrogen and where is it produced
produced in the ovaries. Inhibits production of FSH thickens and maintains uterus lining Stimulates release of LH
37
what is the role of LH and where is it produced
produced in pituitary gland Inhibits production of Oestrogen Triggers release of a mature egg from ovary Stimulates production of progesterone
38
what is the role of progesterone and where's it produced
produced in the ovaries - inhibits production of LH and FSH - maintains lining of the uterus
39
4 key processes during the menstrual cycle
1. maturation of egg 2. thickening and maintenance of uterus lining 3. release of a mature egg 4. shredding of uterus lining or pregnancy
40
what happens when progesterone levels fall
uterus lining sheds as there is nothing maintaining it
41
what's day 1-14 called
follicular phase
42
what's day 14-28 called
luteal phase
43
what hormones do oral contraceptives have inside
Oestrogen or progesterone to prevent the production of LH and FSH, so the egg cannot mature
44
Advantages and disadvantages of oral contraception
ADV: more than 99% effective if taken correctly - easy to use - just taken daily - can reduce period pain DIS: must be taken daily - so missing a pill reduces effectiveness - does not protect against STIs - can have side effects such as changes in weight, mood and blood pressure
45
why is kidney failure dangerous
Unable to filter blood properly leading to a build up of toxic molecules such as urea in the body and an uncontrolled ion and water balance, which cause cells to be damaged as a result of osmosis
46
what is a kidney dialysis
Use of a specialist machine to carry out the function of kidneys. Dialysis fluid contains same concentration of glucose and ions as healthy blood. As a result, only excess waste molecules are lost from blood. glucose and ions remain
47
what is the menstrual cycle
Monthly cycle that occurs in females involving the shredding of the uterus lining and ovulation
48
one advantage of a physical barrier
prevents STIs prevents the sperm from reaching the egg quick and easy to use
49
How do fertility drugs increase chance of pregnancy
They contain FSH which stimulates oestrogen production and the maturation of eggs in the ovary. They also contain LH which triggers ovulation
50
stages of IVF
1. patient is given fertility drugs which contain FSH and LH 2. eggs are collected 3. sample of sperm is taken from male 4. sperm is injected into eggs in a lab dish 5.fertilised eggs develop into embryos 6. embryos are placed back into woman's uterus
51
Advantages of IVF
- allows people to have babies of their own who otherwise can't - safe track record and has been used since 1978 - embryos can be screened for genetic disease and only unaffected embryos are used - unused eggs can be used for research or donated to other couples
52
Disadvantages of IVF
- side effects from the drugs used such as severe headaches -expensive - possibility of twins/multiple births which lead to premature babies which is dangerous for them and the mother - success rates aren't that high - emotionally and physically stressful - unethical - right to life stuff

BIOLOGY (6 decks)

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