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2/ CEP: Endocrinology > Hormone Synthesis and Action > Flashcards

Hormone Synthesis and Action Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones are synthesised by the hypothalamus?

A

ADH

oxytocin

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2
Q

What hormones are synthesised by the anterior pituitary gland?

A 
ACTH
GH
FSH
LH
TSH
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3
Q

What hormones are synthesised by the posterior pituitary gland?

A

none

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4
Q

What hormones are synthesised by the thyroid?

A

triiodothyronine, T3
thyroxine, T4
calcitonin

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5
Q

What hormones are synthesised by the adrenal medulla?

A

adrenaline

noradrenaline

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6
Q

What hormones are synthesised by the adrenal cortex?

A

mineralcorticoids
glucocorticoids
androgens

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7
Q

What hormones are synthesised by the ovaries?

A

oestrogen

progesterone

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8
Q

What hormones are synthesised by the testes?

A

testosterone

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9
Q

What hormones are synthesised by the parathyroid glands?

A

PTH

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10
Q

What hormones are synthesised by the pineal gland?

A

melatonin

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11
Q

What hormones are synthesised by the Islets of Langerhans?

A

insulin
glucagon
somatostatin

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12
Q

Compare the endocrine and nervous systems in terms of:

  • chemical coordinator
  • speed of effect
  • duration of effect
  • localisation of effect
A
  • hormone / neurotransmitter
  • slow / fast
  • longlasting / short-lived
  • widespread (blood) / localised (NT secreted onto cell
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13
Q

What is the functional grouping of endocrine glands called?

Example?

A

The endocrine axis

e.g. hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis

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14
Q

Describe the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in terms of the thyroid gland

A
  • neurones in the hypothalamus secrete thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
  • stimulate anterior pituitary gland to released thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • TSH binds to receptors on follicular cells of thyroid, stimulating synthesis and release of thyroid hormones
  • both TRH and TSH are inhibited by negative feedback when blood concs of thyroid hormones increase
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15
Q

What are the 3 main groups of hormones?

A

peptide hormones
steroid hormones
amine hormones

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16
Q

Facts about peptide hormones

A

Made of chain of amino acids
Water soluble
Pre-prohormone –> prohormone –> hormone

17
Q

Synthesis and secretion of peptide hormones

A
  • transcription of gene
  • pre mRNA
  • splicing
  • translation
  • post-translational modification in golgi
  • packaged in secretory granules
  • exocytosis
18
Q

Steroid hormone synthesis and secretion

A
  • made from cholesterol
  • synthesised de novo, in SER
  • diffuses out of cell as lipid soluble
19
Q

What is cholesterol converted into first? This is the rate limiting step.
Where does this take place?
Where does it then move to?

A

Pregnenolone
P formed in the mitochondria
Moves to SER for processing into hormone

20
Q

What regulates the movement of cholesterol in mitochondria?

What regulates their activity and processing of cholesterol?

A

steroid acute regulatory protein

ACTH

21
Q

What determines the course of pregnenolone?

A

Tissue specific and cell specific enzymes

22
Q

How are steroid hormones excreted?

A

eliminated by liver/kidney by inactivating metabolic transformations and excretion in urine or bile

23
Q

What are amine hormones?

What are they examples of?

A

Tyrosine derivatives bound together
Small, non polar, soluble in plasma membranes
T4, contains 4 iodine atoms
T3, contains 3 iodine atoms

24
Q

Synthesis of T4 in the thyroid

A
  • thyroglobulin synthesised in RER, exocytosed into colloid
  • iodide pumped into cell
  • iodide oxidised to iodine
  • thyroglobulin iodinated
  • In conjugation, adjacent tyrosyl residues are paired together
  • complex reenters cell by endocytosis
  • proteolysis liberates T3 and T4
25
Q

What are the difference between the hormones in terms of their transport in blood

A

peptide - freely soluble in water

steroid/thyroid - carrier protein

26
Q

3 effects of hormone binding

A

increase solubility in blood
increase half-life
create readily accessible reserve in blood

bound and free hormone in equilibrium
there are specific and non-specific binding proteins

27
Q

Where is the site of action for each of the hormones?

A

peptide - cell surface receptors

steroid/thyroid - intracellular receptors

2/ CEP: Endocrinology (12 decks)

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