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HORMONES Flashcards

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1
Q

The term _______________ (hormao G = to excite) was first used by William M. Bayliss and his brother-in-law Ernest H. Starling, both of London University College, in 1904, who showed that a chemical substance (secretin) from the intestine could stimulate
the action of a pancreatic secretion

A

hormone

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2
Q

hormao G

A

to excite

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3
Q

It is a chemical substance which is produced in one part of the body,
enters the circulation and is carried to distant target organs and
tissues to modify their structures and functions.

A

Hormone

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4
Q

chemical messengers

A

hormone

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5
Q

chemical substance (secretin) from the intestine could stimulate the action of a pancreatic secretion

A

was first used by William M. Bayliss and his brother-in-law Ernest H. Starling, both of London University College, in 1904

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6
Q

defined ahormone as “a substance which, produced in any one part of an organism, is
transferred to another part and there
influences a specific physiological process

A

Went and Thimann (1937)

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7
Q

Hormones in animals are often transported in the blood

A

Hormone secretion

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8
Q

Control of Hormone Secretion:

A
  1. neural,
  2. hormonal, or
  3. humoral stimuli
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8
Q

________________are secreted (released) directly into the bloodstream

A

Endocrine hormone molecules

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8
Q

___________________ are secreted directly into a duct, and from the duct they either flow into the bloodstream or they flow from cell to cell by diffusion

A

exocrine hormones (ecto-hormones)

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8
Q

Hormone secretion can be stimulated and inhibited by:

A
  • Other hormones (stimulating or releasing hormones)
  • Plasma concentrations of ions or nutrients
  • Neurons and mental activity
  • Environmental changes, E.g. Change in light or temperature
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9
Q

The adrenal medulla is directly stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system. Epinephrine and NE reinforce the actions of the sympathetic nervous system.

A

NEURAL

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10
Q

Occurs when hormones from one endocrine gland stimulate the secretion of hormones from another endocrine gland. E.g. TRHTSH TH E.g. CRH ACTHCortisol These routes of secretion are usually controlled in a negative feedback manner.

A

HORMONAL

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11
Q

Occurs when substances other than hormones control the secretion of endocrine glands. E.g. Insulin secretion by the pancreas is determined by several factors. Rise in glucose after a meal triggers insulin secretion. Rise in amino acids after a meal triggers insulin secretion. In addition hormonal and neural stimuli also play a role in insulin secretion

A

HUMORAL

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12
Q

2 MECHANISMS OF HORMONE ACTION

A
  1. Nonsteroid Hormones (Hormones with Cell Surfarce Receptors)
  2. Steroid Hormones (Hormones with Intracellular Receptors)
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13
Q

Hormones with Intracellular Receptors

A

Steroid Hormones

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14
Q

Hormones with Cell Surfarce Receptors

A

Nonsteroid Hormones

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15
Q

The binding hormone _________________ causing the response to the hormone.

A

changes the shape of the receptor

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16
Q

 Action of a hormone at a target organ is regulated by four factors:
 Rate of synthesis and secretion: The hormone is stored in
the endocrine glands.
 In some cases, specific transport systems in plasma.
 Hormone-specific receptors in target cell membranes
which differ from tissue to tissue.
 Ultimate degradation of the hormones usually by the liver
or kidneys.

A

FACTORS REGULATING HORMONE
ACTION

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17
Q

 Some receptors are located in the membrane of the target
tissue.
 After a hormone binds to the receptor, the receptor
initiates events that lead to a response.
 Some receptors alter membrane permeability.
 Some receptors activate G proteins.
 Some receptors alter intracellular enzyme activity.

A

Membrane-Bound Hormone Receptors

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17
Q

 Hormones can be placed into one of two major categories.
 Hormones that cannot pass through the plasma membrane.
 Hormones that can pass through the plasma membrane.
 As a result, hormone receptors need to be located in
different locations.

A

Classes of Hormone Receptors

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17
Q

 Some receptors are located in the target cell.
 They are located either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus of the target cell.
 Once the hormone binds to the receptor, the effects of the hormone take place.

A

Intracellular Hormone Receptors

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18
Q

Hormone are classified by two methods:

A
  1. On the basis of Chemical structure
  2. On the basis of the distance over they act
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19
Q

Most hormones are either peptides or proteins
and are usually referred to as peptide hormones.

A

Peptides & Proteins

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20
Short chains of linked amino acids Ex. Oxytocin
peptide hormone
21
Long chains of linked amino acids Ex. Human Growth Hormone
protein hormone
22
___________are derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine. Ex, Norepinephrine
Amine hormones
23
SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION OF AMINE HORMONES
Tyrosine --> Dopa --> Dopamine --> Norepinephrine --> Epinephrine
24
Derived from the lipid cholesterol
Steroid hormones
25
_________________are produced by the adrenal cortex and the gonads.
Steroid hormones
26
Eg: Insulin, Epinephrine
ENDOCRINE HORMONES
26
HORMONES ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE DISTANCE OVER WHICH THEY ACT
1. ENDOCRINE HORMONES 2. PARACRINE HORMONES (LOCAL MEDIATORS) 3. AUTOCRINE HORMONES
27
Eg: IL-1 from macrophages that stimulates the bound T cell to proliferate and Differentiate
PARACRINE HORMONES (LOCAL MEDIATORS)
27
Eg: Autostimulatory release of IL-2 enhances the response of a T cell to IL-1
AUTOCRINE HORMONES
28
There are 2 types of gland on the basis of hormone secretion
1. Endocrine gland 2. Exocrine gland
29
Ductless glands that transport their secretions via the bloodstream
Endocrine Glands
30
Ex. adrenal glands, pituitary gland, and pancreas
Endocrine glands
31
Ducts present to transport secretions to target organs
Exocrine glands
32
Examples: Sweat glands, salivary glands and pancreas
Exocrine glands
33
__________________ are the glands of endocrine systems that secrets their products, hormones, directly into the blood, stream rather than through a duct.
Endocrine glands
33
Both are master endocrine glands since their hormones control other endocrine glands
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
34
___________ is a section of brain above
Hypothalamus
34
____________ is suspended from stalk
pituitary gland
35
The ______________ contains neurons that control releases from the anterior pituitary.
hypothalamus
36
PITUITARY HORMONE MASTER GLAND
Anterior and posterior portions
36
___________________ are released into a portal system connecting the hypothalamus and pituitary, and cause targets in the pituitary to release eight hormones.
Seven hypothalamic hormones
36
_____________ connected to hypothalamus by infundibulum
Posterior
37
____________ connected via blood stream
Anterior
38
It release many hormones
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
39
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND:
1. GnRH 2. ACTH 3. FSH 4. LH 5. GH
40
_____________release by anterior pituitary
Somatotropic hormone
41
 Within target cells increases synthesis of insulin like growth factors that act locally or enter bloodstream – common target cells are liver, skeletal muscle, cartilage and bone – increases cell growth & cell division
Human Growth Hormone (HGH)
42
GnRH from hypothalamus controls gonadotrophs
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
43
Gonadotrophs release ______
FSH
43
initiates the formation of follicles within the ovary
FSH functions
43
stimulates follicle cells to secrete estrogen
FSH functions
44
stimulates sperm production in testes
FSH functions
45
GnRH from hypothalamus stimulate gonadotrophs
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
46
Gonadotrophs produce _____
LH
47
In females, LH stimulates:
– secretion of estrogen – ovulation of oocyte from ovary – secretion of progesterone
48
In males, stimulates:
interstitial cells to secrete testosterone
49
____________ stimulates cells of the adrenal cortex that produce glucocorticoids
ACTH
49
Corticotrophin-RH stimulate ________________
corticotrophs
49
Corticotrophs secrete ____________
ACTH & MSH
50
also Called Neurohypophysis
Posterior Pituitary Gland
51
Does not synthesize hormones
Posterior Pituitary Gland
52
Posterior Pituitary Gland Release two Hormone:
– antidiuretic hormone – oxytocin
53
Manufactured in Hypothalamus, released from ______________
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
54
labor and delivery, milk ejection
Oxytocin
54
Oxytocin – Targe:
smooth ms. Uterus and Breast (&brain)
54
ADH (Vasopressin AVP) – Target:
kidneys
55
water reabsorption
ADH (Vasopressin AVP)
56
two target tissues both involved in neuroendocrine reflexes
Oxytocin
57
Oxytocin during delivery:
– baby’s head stretches cervix – hormone release enhances uterine muscle contraction – baby & placenta are delivered
58
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) functions
– decrease urine production – decrease sweating – increase BP by retaining water
58
Oxytocin After delivery:
– suckling & hearing baby’s cry stimulates milk ejection – hormone causes muscle contraction & milk ejection
59
Known as vasopressin
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
60
Hypothalamus regulates ______________
lactotroph cells (PRH)
61
Lactotrophs produce ____________
prolactin
62
Under right conditions, prolactin causes ______________
milk production
63
_______________ reduces levels of hypothalamic inhibition and prolactin levels rise along with milk production
Suckling
64
_______________is in the middle of the brain.
Pineal gland, or the pineal body
65
It secretes melatonin, a hormone that regulates when you sleep at night and wake up in the morning
Pineal Gland
66
is a small, cone shaped gland found in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain
Pineal gland
67
_______________ appears to be secreted in substantial amounts
Melatonin hormone
67
It is believed to coordinate the hormones of fertility and to inhibitthe reproductive system (especially the ovaries of females) so that sexual maturation is prevented
Pineal Gland
67
Secreted by corticotroph cells
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
68
Its release from the anterior pituitary
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
69
In humans responsible for Skin Colour. (increase skin pigmentation in frogs )
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
70
15-20 g
THYROID GLAND
71
Located in front of the trachea
THYROID GLAND
72
THYROID GLAND Secretes:
1. Thyroxine [T4] 2. Tri-iodo thyronine [T3] 3.Calcitonin [by the parafollicular cells/ C-cells]
73
_______________are controlled primarily by TSH [Thyroid Stimulating Hormone] from the anterior pituitary.
T3 and T4 secretion
74
Calcium metabolism
Calcitonin
75
thyroid hormones responsible for our metabolic rate, synthesis of protein, breakdown of fats, use of glucose for ATPproduction
T3 &T4
75
Actions of Thyroid Hormones:
1. T3 & T4 2. Calcitonin
76
__________ responsible for building of bone & stops reabsorption of bone (lower blood levels of Calcium)
Calcitonin
76
Thyroxine (T4)
3,5,3',5' - Tetraiodothyronine
76
Chemistry of Thyroid Hormones
1. Thyroxine (T4) 2. Triiodothronine (T3) 3. Reverse T3 (rT3)
77
Triiodothronine (T3)
3,5,3' = Triiodothyronine
77
Reverse T3 (rT3)
3, 3',5' - Triiodothyronine
78
__________________ Increase Cellular Metabolic Activity
Thyroid Hormones
79
There are usually ____________ parathyroid glands so closely associated with the thyroid gland
four small
80
Parathyroid consists of ______________ and ____________
chief cells and oxyphil cells
81
It is secreted by the ____________in the four parathyroid glands
chief cells
81
Parathyroid hormone PTH consists of ______ amino acids
84
82
Plasma ionized __________acts directly on the parathyroid glands in a feedback manner to regulate the secretion of PTH
Ca+
83
_____________secretion is inhibited, and the Ca+ is deposited in the bones
hypercalcemia
84
____________parathyroid hormone secretion is stimulated
hypocalcaemia
85
Located in the upper thorax region
Thymus Gland
86
_____________, it is composed mostly of fibrous connective tissue and fat.
By old ageBy old age
86
________________, it decreases in size throughout adult hood.
Large in infants and children
86
Thymus produces a hormone called ________________
thymosin
86
______________, it acts as an incubator for the maturation of a special group of whiteblood cells(T lymphocytes or T cells).
During childhood
87
Outer part of Adrenal Gland
cortex
87
___________ play a great role in immune respose
T cells
87
located atop kidney
Adrenal Gland
87
Secretes Cortisol (stress), Androgens, Aldosterone (electrolytes)
cortex
88
Inner part of Adrenal Gland
medulla
89
SNS control – Secretes EPI & NEPI (fight or flight)
medulla
90
Hormones produced by adrenal cortex are referred to as ______________
Corticiosteroids
91
Adrenal Cortex comprises
mineralocorticoids, Glycocorticoids and androgens
92
The cortex is divided into three regions;
*Zona glomerulosa *Zona fasiculata *Zona reticularis
93
TWO DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH THE ADRENAL CORTEX:
1. Cushing’s Disease 2. Addison’s disease
94
Cushing's disease symptoms
* Weigt Gain * Hair loss * hyperpigmentation
94
refers to a pituitary-dependent cause of Cushing's syndrome: a tumor (adenoma) in the pituitary gland produces large amounts of ACTH, causing the adrenal glands to produce elevated levels of cortisol
Cushing's disease
95
Endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient steroid hormones (glucocorticoids and often mineralocorticoids).
Addison’s disease
96
It is characterised by a number of Relatively nonspecific symptoms, such as abdominal pain and weakness
Addison’s disease
97
Addison’s disease symptoms
NAUSEA FEVER VOMITING FATIGUE
98
The ____________ has digestive and hormonal functions
pancreas
98
____________ is an elongated organ located toward the back of the abdomen behind the stomach
pancreas
99
One part of the pancreas, the ______________, secretes digestive enzymes
exocrine pancreas
100
____________ causes impairment in the functioning of the eyes, circulatory system, nervous system, and failure of the kidneys
Diabetes
100
The other part of the pancreas, the endocrine pancreas, secretes hormones called __________and _______. These hormones regulate the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood.
insulin and glucagon
100
Assist insulin in regulating blood glucose (sugar) in the normal range (actions are opposite of insulin)
GLUCAGON
100
Hyperglycemia
DISEASE DUE TO EXCESS ACTION
100
Regulate the production and excretion of other endocrine tumors Disease due to excess action: Diabetes (inhibits insulin production), gallstones, and dietary fat intolerance.
SOMATOSTATIN
100
Some times nothing, sometimes hypoglycemia
DISEASE DUE TO DEFICIENT ACTION
100
__________ results from inadequate levels of insulin.
Diabetes
101
_______________is characterized by inadequate levels of insulin secretion, often due to a genetic cause
Type I diabetes
101
___________________usually develops in adults from both genetic and environmental causes.
Type II
102
____________ is the second leading cause of blindness in the US.
Diabetes
103
Treatments for DIABETES:
1. daily injections of insulin, 2. monitoring of blood glucose levels 3. controlled diet
104
low blood glucose
hypoglycemia
104
High blood glucose stimulates secretion of _______________
insulin
104
Low blood glucose stimulates release of ___________
Glucagon
105
INSULIN by
Beta cells
105
high blood glucose
hyperglycemia
105
GLUCAGON by
Alpha Cells
106
The _________________ are the main source of sex hormones
reproductive glands
106
* Hydrophobic/Lipophilic *Travel in blood w/carrier * Cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors *change protein synthesis * Example: estradiol
Steroid Hormones
107
In males, the testes, located in the scrotum, secrete hormones called _______________; the most important of which is testosterone.
androgens
108
In females, the ovaries, located on both sides of the uterus, produce ____________ and progesterone as well as eggs
estrogen
109
These hormones affect many male characteristics (for example, sexual development, growth of facial hair and pubic hair) as well as sperm production.
Reproductive Glands
110
These hormones control the development of female characteristics (for example, breast growth), and they are also involved in reproductive functions (for example, menstruation, pregnancy).
Reproductive Glands
111
Our bodies rely on ____________ to function properly.
hormones
111
Any problems affecting hormonal balance will affect our lives. Some things hormones are responsible for include:
- simulation of growth, - control of cell’s life span, - control of immune system, - metabolism regulation, - control of phases of life, - self preservation reactions, - sexual functions, - reproductive cycle
112
______________ are chemical messengers in the body which control certain processes in the body, such as reproduction and homeostasis
Hormones
112
For example, ____________ is a hormone in homeostasis which controls the concentration of glucose in the blood by causing its conversion into a insoluble substance.
insulin
113
Without it (as in ______________), the blood sugar level would rise uncontrollably
Type 1 diabetes

BIO CHEM LEC (5 decks)

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