HORMONES

Question 1

The 2 main systems that control the body are?

Answer 1

• the endocrine system (hormones)

- the nervous system

Question 2

what is the endocrine system?

Answer 2

The endocrine system (or the hormonal system) controls body responses with the use of
hormones.

Question 3

what are hormones?

Answer 3

Hormones are chemical substances which are produced by endocrine glands, which release
them directly into the blood stream. It is carried in the blood to a target organ. The activity
of the target organ will be altered by the hormone to bring about a response.
In this way, hormones can cause changes at some distance from the gland where they were
made.

Question 4

nervous communication?

Answer 4

• faster
• electrical
• uses impulses that travel along neurones
• controls reactions to body surroundings
• shorter lasting

Question 5

endocrine communication?

Answer 5

• slower
• chemical
• uses hormones secreted by glands
• controls processes inside the body
• longer lasting

Question 6

pituitary gland?

Answer 6

sometimes ccalled the master gland because it makes hormones that control other endocrine glands. it also makes growth hormones

Question 7

pancreas?

Answer 7

this makes hormones called insulin and glucagon, these control the amount of sugar in the body

Question 8

ovaries?

Answer 8

these make oetrogen and progesteron (female hormones) which cause the female chacteristsics during puberty and control the menstrutal cycle

Question 9

testes?

Answer 9

these make testosterone, which controls the male development of male chacteristics in puberty

Question 10

adrenal gland?

Answer 10

these make adrenaline, which gets the body ready for action in the ‘fight or flight’ response

Question 11

adrenaline source?

Answer 11

adrenal glands

Question 12

adrenaline role?

Answer 12

readies the body for ‘flight or fight’ response

Question 13

adrenaline effects?

Answer 13

increases heart rate, blood flow to musles and blood sugar level

Question 14

insulin source?

Answer 14

pancreas

Question 15

insulin role?

Answer 15

helps control the blood sugar level

Question 16

insulin effects?

Answer 16

Stimulates the liver to convert glucose into glycogen for storage.

Question 17

testosterone source?

Answer 17

testes

Question 18

testosterone role?

Answer 18

main male sex hormone

Question 19

testosterone effects?

Answer 19

promotes male secondary chacteristsics (e.g, facial hair)

Question 20

progesterone source?

Answer 20

ovaries

Question 21

progesterone role?

Answer 21

supports pregnancy

Question 22

progesterone effects?

Answer 22

maintains the lining of the uterus

Question 23

oestrogen source?

Answer 23

ovaries

Question 24

oestrogen role?

Answer 24

main female sex hormone

Question 25

oestrogen effects?

Answer 25

controls the menstrual cycle and promotes femal secondary sexual characteristics (e.g, widening of hips)

Question 26

adrenaline?

Answer 26

Adrenaline is the ‘fight or flight’ hormone that initiates fast
changes in a body preparing it for sudden action. It is a defense
mechanism.

Adrenaline is produced by the adrenal glands (located on the
kidneys) in certain situations (excitement, fear, stress).

Question 27

what is glucose needed for?

Answer 27

for respiration to release energy

Question 28

how is it transported?

Answer 28

in the blood stream

Question 29

glucose?

Answer 29

a sugar used in respiration to release energy

Question 30

glycogen?

Answer 30

a storage carb made of glucose, stored in the liver

Question 31

insulin?

Answer 31

a hormone that tells your liver to change glucose into glycogen, made by the pancreas

Question 32

glucagon?

Answer 32

a hormone that tells your liver to change glycogen back to glucose, made by the pancreas

Question 33

diabetes?

Answer 33

-Diabetes is a condition where the concentration of glucose in the blood is not controlled
properly by the body.
-In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas does not produce enough insulin. This can lead to high
levels of glucose in the blood.
-In type 2 diabetes, the body no longer responds to its insulin and has been linked very
closely with obesity.

Question 34

females in puberty?

Answer 34

Breasts develop

Ovaries start to release eggs
(and periods start)

Increase in body mass: hips
widen

Question 35

males in puberty?

Answer 35

Voice breaks – gets deeper

Testes and penis get bigger

Sperm is produced by testes

Hair grows on face and body

Increase in body mass: body
becomes more muscular

Question 36

males and females in puberty?

Answer 36

Pubic hair grows

Underarm hair grows

Stronger body smell

Question 37

menstrual cycle?

Answer 37

The menstrual cycle in women is a recurring process in
which the lining of the uterus (womb) is prepared for
pregnancy, and if pregnancy does not happen, the lining is shed at menstruation (period).

Question 38

stage 1 menstruation

Answer 38

If the egg is NOT fertilised,
the lining of the uterus is
not needed for a baby so it
is shed from the woman’s
body

This is called a period

Question 39

stage 2 the lining re grows

Answer 39

The lining of the woman’s
uterus starts to regrow
and becomes thicker
ready for if she becomes
pregnant.

Question 40

stage 3 ovulation

Answer 40

An egg (ovum) is released
it is called ovulation

Question 41

stage 4 lining stays thick

Answer 41

The lining of the woman’s
uterus stays thick ready for a
potential pregnancy

Question 42

thickness of the lining of the uterus?

Answer 42

1. the lining breaks down
2. the lining gets thicker
3. an egg cell is released
4. the lining stays thick

Question 43

oestrogen

what gland is it and what are its effects?

Answer 43

Stimulates development of secondary sexual
characteristics

Stimulates lining of womb to build up

Question 44

progesterone

what gland is it and what are its effects?

Answer 44

Maintains the lining of the womb in the
menstrual cycle

Prevent egg release