Hormones structure and function

Question 1

Put these in order of size (smallest to largest):

Insulin, growth hormone, ADH

Answer 1

ADH, insulin, GH

Question 2

how do steroid hormones reach their target?

Answer 2

lipid soluble, carried in blood and reach target, passively cross the targets membrane

Question 3

how do water soluble hormones reach the target

Answer 3

need to interact with cell surface receptors

Question 4

what determines how a cell responds to a hormone?

Answer 4

type of cell receptor

Question 5

where are hormones released from?

Answer 5

secretary gland or cell

Question 6

3 types of responses a hormone can make?

Answer 6

endocrine
paracrine
autocrine

Question 7

what is an endocrine response?

Answer 7

delivered when the target cell is some distance from the secretory cells

Question 8

example of an endocrine gland

Answer 8

pituitary gland

adrenal gland

Question 9

what is a paracrine response

Answer 9

target is close to the secretory cell

Question 10

example of a paracrine response

Answer 10

Islets of Langerhan in the pancreas- unlikely the hormone even reaches the blood here

Question 11

what is an autocrine response

Answer 11

released from secretory cell and has an effect of itself

Question 12

example of an autocrine response

Answer 12

beta cell releases insulin which has an effect on alphas and betas

Question 13

what does the effects of hormones depend on? example?

Answer 13

the cell and tissue type- adrenaline causes relaxation in some blood vessels and contraction on others

Question 14

small chemicals/ modified amino acids examples,

Answer 14

dopamine, adrenaline

Question 15

peptides range and example

Answer 15

generally in the range of 3-20 amino acids

endorphin

Question 16

if >20 amino acids?

Answer 16

becomes a small protein

Question 17

examples of complex chemicals?

Answer 17

lipid derived steroids
testosterone
cortisol

Question 18

where are oxytocin and ADH produced?

Answer 18

posterior pituitary

Question 19

differences and similarities between oxycontin and ADH?

Answer 19

Both 9 amino acids long

differs only 2 positions (ADH: Phe and Arg, Oxy: Ile and Leu)

Question 20

which of changes in amino acids between Oxytocin and ADH makes a difference

Answer 20

Ile–> Phe has little effect

Leu–> Arg has a lot as it changes the charge which changes the structure

Question 21

what can this similarity cause?

Answer 21

cross reactions. oxycontin has a slight anti-diuretic effect
ADH at high levels can cause uterine contractions

Question 22

where is GH and prolactin produced?

Answer 22

anterior pituitary

Question 23

what is a growth hormone?

Answer 23

stimulates growth, cell division and regeneration.

Question 24

GH is a ______. which means.

Answer 24

mitogen- stimulates mitosis

Question 25

is GH always a mitogen?

Answer 25

no, specific to certain cells

Question 26

Prolactin size?

Answer 26

198 residue- protein (23kDa)

Question 27

prolactin has properties and function resembling which 2 things?

Answer 27

a hormone and a cytokine- which stimulates growth

Question 28

where are follicle stimulating hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone produced?

Answer 28

anterior pituitary

Question 29

what are the structures off follicle stimulating hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone?

Answer 29

hetero-dimeric structures- both parts bind but only one part induces physiological function

Question 30

which subunit interacts and what is the purpose of the other SU for FSH and thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 30

alpha interacts | beta is there for shape recognition

Question 31

where does TSH bind

Answer 31

TSH receptors in thyroid cells

Question 32

where does FSH bind

Answer 32

FSH receptors in ovarian cells

Question 33

where is insulin produced?

Answer 33

pancreas

Question 34

how is insulin held together

Answer 34

hetero dimer | disulphide bridges bind chains together

Question 35

structure of insulin

Answer 35

monomer which consists on two polypeptide chains linked by disulphide bonds

Question 36

what happens to insulin at high concentrations?

Answer 36

can form di/tri/tetrameeric structure

Question 37

how is insulin stored? what's its active form?

Answer 37

as a hexameter but is a monomer in active form

Question 38

who may need faster acting insulin

Answer 38

active and younger people

Question 39

why cant oral insulin be used

Answer 39

denatured in the stomach by digestion

Question 40

formulations available for insulin?

Answer 40

injections (IV/SC) aerosols for inhalation depot formulations- mr

Question 41

how does tyrosine go to dopamine

Answer 41

(tyrosine hydroxylase)- tyrosine ---> dihydroxyphenylalanine - this adds a OH (DOPA decarboxylase) dihydroxyphenylalanine ----> dopamine - this removes a CO2

Question 42

how does dopamine get converted into adrenaline?

Answer 42

(dopamine hydroxylase) DOPAMINE ---> NORADRENALINE- this adds an OH (phenethanolamine N-methyltransferase) noradrenaline--> adrenaline- this adds a CH3

Question 43

what activates the enzyme PNMT that converts noradrenaline to adrenaline?

Answer 43

cortisol

Question 44

how can cortisol help in stressful situations?

Answer 44

increases the amount of adrenaline

Question 45

are there more adrenaline OR noradrenalin releasing cells in the adrenal medulla?

Answer 45

adrenaline by 4 times

Question 46

what is melatonin derived from?

Answer 46

tryptophan

Question 47

what causes selectivity in steroid hormones?

Answer 47

the rings

Question 48

what do all steroid hormones have the same?

Answer 48

the basic C17, 4 ring structure