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Horse GI System Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

What kind of fermenters are horses

A

Hindgut

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2
Q

Path of digesta/food through horse stomach

A

Mouth —> esophagus —> stomach —-> duodenum —> jejunum —> ileum —> cecum —> right ventral colon —> sternal flexure -> left ventral colon —> pelvic flexure —> left dorsal colon —> diaphragmatic flexure —> right dorsal colon —> transverse colon —> descending/small colon —> rectum/anus

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3
Q

Bands of the colon are called

A

Taenia

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4
Q

Are there taenia in small intestine

A

No

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5
Q

Name of taenia in ileum

A

Antimesenteric band

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6
Q

How many bands/taenia in cecum

A

4

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7
Q

number of taenia: ventral colon, pelvic flexure, dorsal colon, small colon

A

Ventral - 4
Pelvic - 1
Dorsal - 3
Small - 2

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8
Q

Rugae definition

A

Series of ridges produced by folding of wall of organ =stomach

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9
Q

Haustra:definition, how formed

A

Small segmented pouches of bowel separated by Haustral folds
Formed by circumferential contraction of inner muscular layer of colon

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10
Q

How is outer longitudinal laye r of colon organized

A

Into 3 bands/taenia coli running from cecum to rectum

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11
Q

What side of the body are duodenum and cecum on

A

Right

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12
Q

Esophagus: function, unique feature

A

One way transport = no vomiting

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13
Q

Stomach function

A

Enzymatic breakdown

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14
Q

Small intestine function

A

Digest rapidly available carbs and protein

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15
Q

where/when do horses obtain most of their protein during digestion process

A

Digestion in foregut

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16
Q

Cecum function

A

Where cellulose is broken down
*carbs and proteins in cell walls of plants that escape digestion in small intestine

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17
Q

Functions of colon

A

Reabsorption of water
Some fermentation

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18
Q

Function of descending/small colon

A

Form fecal balls

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19
Q

Where does microbial fermentation occur (2)

A

Cecum
Colon

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20
Q

Hindgut fermentation products (3)

A

CO2
Methane
Volatile fatty acids

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21
Q

Hindgut vs foregut fermentation

A

Foregut = enzymatic
Hindgut = microbial

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22
Q

Microbial fermentation in hindgut allows horses to

A

Breakdown cellulose

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23
Q

What happens to hindgut fermentation products

A

Absorbed through intestinal wall

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24
Q

3 volatile fatty acids: fermentation products

A

Proprionate
Acetate
Butyrate

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25
Proprionate
VFA used for Glucose production
26
Acetate
VFA converted to acetyl Coa —> used for immediate energy or fat synthesis
27
Butyrate
VFA converted to acetyl CoA for energy or fat synthesis
28
Disadvantages of hindgut fermentation (5)
-less efficient -already absorbed most nutrients in foregut so nitrogen poor material entering hindgut promotes LESS microbial growth -passage more rapid through hindgut -less efficient at absorbing vitamins and proteins -not digestible protein present in microbes = LOST
29
Microbiota consists of (3)
Bacteria Fungi Protozoa
30
Which phylum constitutes majority of microbiota
Fermicutes
31
Colic definition
Abdominal pain of any kind
32
Colic: behavioral signs
Sweating, pawing, tachycardia, tachypnea, rolling, stretching out, biting or looking at sides, kicking at abdomen
33
Margo plicatus
Separates upper squamous stomach from lower glandular stomach
34
2 types of equine gastric ulcer syndrome
Equine squamous gastric disease Equine glandular gastric disease
35
Enteritis definition
Inflammatory disease of small intestine (>3mm)
36
Acute enteritis: location, clinical signs
Proximal Fever, reflux, leukocytosis, colic that resolves with decompression
37
Chronic enteritis: clinical signs
Inflammatory bowel syndrome, neoplasia Weight loss
38
Small intestine Impaction definition
Simple obstructive lesion of small intestine
39
3 types of small intestine impactions
Ileal impactions Adhesions Ascaridiasis
40
Most common location of impaction in small intestine
Ileum
41
2 Causes of ileal impactions
Feeding coastal Bermuda hay Tapeworm infestation
42
2 Clinical signs of small intestine strangulations
Severe pain Serosanguinous belly tap
43
Strangulating lipoma
Form on stalks in mesentery
44
Epiploic foramen entrapment
small intestinal strangulation Potential space: liver, caudal vena cava, portal vein
45
Intessusception
type of small intestinal strangulation Ileocecal tapeworms
46
Inguinal hernias occur in what kind of horses
Stallions
47
4 types of large colon impactions
Pelvic flexure Sand impactions Enteroliths Cecal impaction
48
Most common location of large colon impaction
Pelvic flexure: ventral colon to dorsal colon
49
Sand accumulates in what 3 regions of large colon
Ventral colon Right dorsal colon Pelvic flexure
50
Enteroliths
stones that can cause obstruction Associated with legume hay with high calcium (alfalfa) Right dorsal colon/transverse colon
51
Cecal impaction
Associated with orthopedic surgical disease More often a secondary condition
52
2 types of large colon displacements
Nephrosplenic entrapment/left dorsal displacement Right dorsal displacement
53
Nephrosplenic entrapment: definition, can become what
Colon hangs between left kidney and spleen Can become left dorsal displacement
54
Right dorsal displacement
When pelvic flexure flips
55
Colitis definition
Inflammatory disease of large colon
56
3 etiologies of colitis
Infectious = salmonella Verminous = encysted small strongyles Caustic = sand
57
Colon volvulus: definition, location
Severe, unrelenting abdominal pain Gross dissension of abdomen At mesenteric attachment of colon to dorsal body wall involving cecum and large colon *obstruction caused by twisting of above areas
58
Meconium impactions: who affected, location
Foals 1st poop when born gets stuck in descending colon
59
Peritonitis: definition, causes, effect
Inflammation of peritoneum Recent abdominal surgery, strongyles, infiltrative bowel disease, internal abscesses Ileus
60
Tapeworms cause what 3 things
Ileocecal intussusception Cecocolic intussusception Typhilitis
61
Ascarids cause what kind of impaction
Small intestinal
62
Large strongyles can cause what kind of colic
Thromboembolic Cranial mesenteric aneurism

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