Hosa Flashcards
(1000 cards)
1
Q
abdominal computed tomography
A
a radiographic procedure that produces a detailed cross-section of the tissue structure within the abdomen
2
Q
abdominal ultrasound
A
a noninvasive test used to visualize internal organs by using very high-frequency sound waves.
3
Q
abdominocentesis
A
the surgical puncture of the abdominal cavity to remove fluid
4
Q
ablation
A
the removal of a body part or the destruction of its function
5
Q
abortion
A
the interruption or termination of pregnancy before the fetus is viable
6
Q
abrasion
A
an injury in which superficial layers of skin are scraped or rubbed away
7
Q
abruptio placentae
A
a disorder in which the placenta separates from the uterine wall before the birth of the fetus
8
Q
abscess
A
a closed pocket containing pus caused by a bacterial infection
9
Q
absence seizure
A
a brief disturbance in brain function in which there is a loss of awareness often described as a staring episode
10
Q
acanthosis nigricans
A
a condition where one or more areas of the skin develop dark wart-like patches
11
Q
ACE inhibitors
A
medications administered to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure
12
Q
acetaminophen
A
analgesic that reduces pain and fever but does not relieve inflammation
13
Q
Achilles tendinitis
A
inflammation of the Achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on that tendon
14
Q
acidosis
A
excessive acid in the body fluids
15
Q
acne vulgaris
A
a chronic inflammatory disease that is characterized by pustular eruptions of the skin caused by an overproduction of sebum around the hair shaft
16
Q
acoustic neuroma
A
a brain tumor that develops adjacent to the cranial nerve running from the brain to the inner ear
17
Q
acoustic reflectometry
A
measures how much sound is reflected back from the eardrum
18
Q
acquired immunity
A
immunity obtained by having had a contagious disease
19
Q
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
A
the advanced stage of an HIV infection
20
Q
acromegaly
A
enlargement of the extremities caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty
21
Q
acrophobia
A
an excessive fear of heights
22
Q
actinic keratosis
A
a precancerous skin growth that occurs on sun-damaged skin
23
Q
activities of daily living
A
include bathing, grooming, brushing teeth, eating, and dressing
24
Q
acupressure
A
a traditional Chinese medical practice using very thin acupuncture needles inserted into specific points of the body
25
acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
an abnormal growth of bacteria in the mouth
26
acute renal failure
sudden onset of kidney failure that may be caused by the kidneys not receiving enough blood
27
acute respiratory distress syndrome
a life-threatening condition in which inflammation in the lungs and fluid in the alveoli lead to low levels of oxygen in the blood.
28
addiction
compulsive, uncontrollable dependence on a substance, habit, or practice
29
Addison's disease
a condition that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol or aldosterone
30
adenectomy
a surgical removal of a gland
31
adenitis
inflammation of a gland
32
adenocarcinoma
carcinoma derived from glandular tissue
33
adenoma
benign tumor that arises from, or resembles, glandular tissue
34
adenomalacia
abnormal softening of a gland
35
adenosclerosis
abnormal hardening of a gland
36
adenosis
any disease or condition of a gland
37
adhesion
a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally
38
adhesive capsulitis
painful ankylosis of the shoulder caused by adhesions forming in the synovial capsule surrounding the shoulder
39
adjuvant therapy
cancer treatment sometimes used after the primary treatments have been completed to decrease the chance that a cancer will recur
40
adrenalitis
inflammation of the adrenal glands.
41
adverse drug reaction
an undesirable reaction that accompanies the principal response for which the drug was taken.
42
aerophagia
excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking.
43
age spots
discolorations caused by sun exposure.
44
agoraphobia
an excessive fear of environments where the person fears a panic attack might occur.
45
airborne transmission
disease transmission that occurs through contact with germs floating in the air
46
airway inflammation
the swelling and clogging of the bronchial tubes with mucus.
47
airway obstruction
occurs when food or a foreign object partially or completely blocks the airway and prevents air from entering or leaving the lungs.
48
albinism
a genetic condition characterized by a deficiency or absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and irises
49
albuminuria
the presence of the protein albumin in the urine
50
alcoholism
chronic alcohol dependence with specific signs and symptoms upon withdrawal
51
aldosteronism
an abnormality of electrolyte balance caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone.
52
allergen
a substance that produces an allergic response in an individual.
53
allergic reaction
occurs when the body's immune system reacts to a harmless allergen as if it were a dangerous invader.
54
allergic rhinitis
an allergic reaction to airborne allergens.
55
allergy
an overreaction by the body to a particular antigen.
56
allogenic bone marrow transplant
a transplant in which the recipient receives bone marrow from a compatible donor.
57
allopathic medicine
conventional medical practices and systems of health care.
58
alopecia
the partial or complete loss of hair, most commonly on the scalp
59
alopecia areata:
an autoimmune disorder that attacks the hair follicles, causing well-defined bald areas on the scalp or elsewhere on the body.
60
alopecia totalis
an uncommon condition characterized by the loss of all the hair on the scalp
61
alopecia universalis
the total loss of hair on all parts of the body
62
alternative medicine
a general term for practices and systems of health care used in place of allopathic medicine
63
Alzheimer's disease
a group of disorders involving the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language
64
amblyopia
dimness of vision or the partial loss of sight, especially in one eye, without detectable disease of the eye
65
amenorrhea
the abnormal absence of menstrual periods for three months or more
66
ametropia
any error of refraction in which images do not focus properly on the retina.
67
amnesia
a memory disturbance marked by a total or partial inability to recall past experiences.
68
amniocentesis
a surgical puncture to remove amniotic fluid to evaluate fetal health and to diagnose certain congenital disorders.
69
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
a rapidly progressive neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles
70
anal fissure
a small crack-like sore in the skin of the anus that can cause severe pain during a bowel movement.
71
analgesic
a medication that relieves pain without affecting consciousness.
72
anaphylaxis
a severe, systemic response to an allergen.
73
anaplasia
a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other.
74
anastomosis
a surgical connection between two hollow or tubular structures.
75
androgenic alopecia
the most common type of hair loss, called male pattern baldness in men and female pattern baldness in women.
76
andropause
marked by the decrease of the male hormone testosterone, gradually beginning in the late 40s and progressing very gradually over several decades..
77
anemia
a disorder characterized by lower than normal levels of red blood cells in the blood.
78
anesthesia
the absence of normal sensation, especially sensitivity to pain.
79
anesthetic
medication used to induce anesthesia.
80
aneurysm
a localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery.
81
aneurysm clipping
a surgical method to isolate an aneurysm from the rest of the circulatory system by placing a small clip across its neck.
82
aneurysmectomy
the surgical removal of an aneurysm.
83
aneurysmorrhaphy
surgical suturing of an aneurysm.
84
angina
episodes of severe chest pain due to inadequate blood flow to the myocardium.
85
angiogenesis
the process through which the tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply.
86
angiogram
the film produced by angiography.
87
angiography
a radiographic study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium.
88
angioplasty
mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel.
89
angiostenosis
abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel.
90
anhidrosis
the abnormal condition of lacking sweat in response to heat.
91
anisocoria
a condition in which the pupils are unequal in size.
92
ankylosing spondylitis
a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae.
93
ankylosis
the loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure.
94
anomaly
a deviation from what is regarded as normal.
95
anorchism
the congenital absence of one or both testicles.
96
anorexia
the loss of appetite for food, especially when caused by disease.
97
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by a false perception of body appearance that leads to a refusal to maintain a normal body weight.
98
anoscopy
the visual examination of the anal canal and lower rectum.
99
anovulation
the absence of ovulation when it would normally be expected.
100
anoxia
the absence of oxygen from the body's tissues or organs despite adequate flow of blood
101
antacids
medications to relieve indigestion or help peptic ulcers heal by neutralizing stomach acids
102
anthrax
a contagious disease that can be transmitted through livestock.
103
anti-inflammatory
medication administered to relieve inflammation and pain.
104
antiangiogenesis:
cancer treatment that disrupts the blood supply to the tumor.
105
antiarrhythmic
medication administered to control irregularities of the heartbeat.
106
antibiotic-resistant bacteria:
develops when an antibiotic fails to kill all of the bacteria it targets. When this occurs, the surviving bacteria become resistant to that particular drug
107
antibiotics
medications capable of inhibiting growth or killing pathogenic bacteria
108
antibody
a disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen
109
anticoagulant
medication that slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming
110
anticonvulsant
medication that prevents seizures
111
antidepressant
medications administered to prevent or relieve depression
112
antiemetic
medication administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting.
113
antifungal
an agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi
114
antigen
any substance that the body regards as being foreign
115
antihistamines
medications administered to block and control allergic reactions
116
antihypertensive
medication administered to lower blood pressure.
117
antineoplastic
medication that blocks the development, growth, or proliferation of malignant cells
118
antioxidants
chemicals such as vitamins A, C, and E, carotene, and lutein that may prevent or delay cell damage.
119
antipsychotic drug
administered to treat symptoms of severe disorders of thinking and mood that are associated with neurological and psychiatric illnesses.
120
antipyretic
medication administered to prevent or reduce fever.
121
antispasmodic
medication administered to suppress smooth muscle contractions
122
antithyroid drug
a medication administered to slow the ability of the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.
123
antitussive
medication administered to prevent or relieve coughing.
124
antiviral drug
medication administered to treat viral infections or to provide temporary immunity.
125
anuria
the absence of urine formation by the kidneys.
126
anxiety disorders
mental conditions characterized by excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations, or fear that is out of proportion to the real danger in a situation.
127
anxiolytic drug
medication administered to temporarily relieve anxiety and reduce tension
128
Apgar score:
an evaluation of a newborn infant's physical status.
129
aphasia
loss of the ability to speak, write, and/or comprehend the written or spoken word.
130
aphonia
the loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds.
131
aphthous ulcers
gray-white pits with a red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth.
132
aplasia
the defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue.
133
aplastic anemia.
a condition marked by the absence of all formed blood elements.
134
apnea
the absence of spontaneous respiration.
135
appendectomy
surgical removal of the appendix.
136
appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix.
137
arrhythmia
a loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat.
138
arterial blood gas analysis:
a test to measure the pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels of arterial blood.
139
arterial stick:
the puncture of an artery to obtain arterial blood.
140
arteriectomy
surgical removal of part of an artery.
141
arteriomalacia.
abnormal softening of the walls of an artery or arteries.
142
arterionecrosis
tissue death of an artery or arteries.
143
arteriosclerosis
abnormal hardening of the walls of an artery or arteries.
144
arteriostenosis
abnormal narrowing of an artery or arteries.
145
arteriovenous malformation
an abnormal connection between the arteries and veins in the brain; may cause a hemorrhagic stroke.
146
arthralgia
pain in one or more joints.
147
arthritis
an inflammatory condition of one or more joints.
148
arthrocentesis
surgical puncture of the joint space to remove synovial fluid for analysis.
149
arthrodesis
a surgical procedure to stiffen a joint.
150
arthrolysis
surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint.
151
arthroplasty
surgical repair of a damaged joint; also the surgical replacement of a joint with an artificial joint.
152
arthrosclerosis
stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly.
153
arthroscopic surgery
a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint.
154
arthroscopy
visual examination of the internal structure of a joint using an arthroscope.
155
artificial insemination
a technique in which sperm from a woman's partner or donor are introduced into the vagina or uterus during the ovulatory phase of her menstrual cycle.
156
artificial pacemaker
electronic device used primarily as treatment for bradycardia or atrial fibrillation.
157
asbestosis
the form of pneumoconiosis caused by asbestos particles in the lungs.
158
ascites
an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
159
asphyxia
the loss of consciousness that occurs when the body cannot get the oxygen it needs to function.
160
aspiration pneumonia
pneumonia caused by a foreign substance, such as vomit, being inhaled into the lungs.
161
aspirin
medication that may be recommended in a very small daily dose to reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke by slightly reducing the ability of the blood to clot.
162
assisted reproductive technology
techniques used to aid an infertile couple in achieving a viable pregnancy.
163
assistive listening device:
a device that transmits, processes, or amplifies sound and can be used with or without a hearing aid.
164
asthma
a chronic inflammatory disease of the bronchial tubes.
165
astigmatism.
a condition in which the eye does not focus properly because of uneven curvatures of the cornea.
166
asystole
complete lack of electrical activity in the heart.
167
ataxia
the lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement.
168
atelectasis
incomplete expansion of part or all of the lung.
169
atherectomy.
surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior lining of an artery.
170
atheroma
a deposit of fatty plaque on or within the arterial wall.
171
atherosclerosis
hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to a buildup of cholesterol plaque.
172
atonic
lacking normal muscle tone or strength.
173
atresia
describes the congenital absence of a normal opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular.
174
atrial fibrillation
rapid irregular twitching of the muscular wall of the atria.
175
atrophy
weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures caused by pathology or by disuse over a long period of time.
176
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
a condition characterized by a short attention span and impulsive behavior inappropriate for the child's developmental age.
177
audiological evaluation
the measurement of the ability to hear and understand speech sounds based on their pitch and loudness.
178
audiometry
the use of an audiometer to measure hearing acuity.
179
auscultation
listening for sounds within the body, usually done with a stethoscope.
180
autism
a subgroup of autistic spectrum disorders
181
autistic spectrum disorder
a condition with different levels of severity in which a young child has difficulty developing normal social relationships and communication skills, may compulsively follow repetitive routines, and has narrowly focused, intense interests.
182
autoimmune disorder.
a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against the body's own tissues.
183
autologous bone marrow transplant
a transplant utilizing the patient's own bone marrow that was harvested before treatment began.
184
automated external defibrillator
electronic equipment that externally shocks the heart to restore a normal cardiac rhythm.
185
autopsy
postmortem (after death) examination.
186
avascular necrosis
an area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow.
187
Ayurvedic medicine
traditional Hindu system of medicine.
188
azoospermia
the absence of sperm in the semen.
189
azotemia
an elevation of the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) caused by a lack of blood flow to each kidney.
190
bacilli
rod-shaped, spore-forming bacteria.
191
bacteria
one-celled microscopic organisms.
192
bacterial endocarditis
inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart caused by bacteria in the bloodstream.
193
bacterial pneumonia.
pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.
194
bacterial vaginosis
a condition in women in which there is an abnormal overgrowth of certain bacteria in the vagina.
195
bactericide
a substance that causes the death of bacteria.
196
bacteriuria
the presence of bacteria in the urine.
197
Baker's cyst
a fluid-filled sac behind the knee that usually results from a condition such as rheumatoid arthritis triggering the production of excess synovial fluid.
198
balanitis
inflammation of the glans penis.
199
barbiturates
a class of drugs whose major action is a calming or depressed effect on the central nervous system.
200
bariatric surgery
performed to treat morbid obesity by restricting the amount of food that can enter the stomach and be digested.
201
bariatrics
the branch of medicine for the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases.
202
barium
a radiopaque contrast medium used primarily to visualize the gastrointestinal tract.
203
barotrauma
pressure-related ear condition.
204
Barrett's esophagus
a condition that occurs when the cells in the epithelial tissue of the esophagus are damaged by chronic acid exposure
205
basal cell carcinoma
a malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis.
206
behavioral therapy
therapy that focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes.
207
Bell's palsy.
temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes paralysis only on the affected side of the face.
208
benign
something that is not life-threatening and does not recur.
209
benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
vertigo resulting from a shift in the location of small crystals in the semicircular canals of the ears.
210
benign prostatic hyperplasia
abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland often found in men over 50.
211
beta-blockers
medications administered to reduce the workload of the heart by slowing the heartbeat.
212
binaural testing
involves both ears.
213
biofeedback
treatment that teaches a person to control bodily functions through cognitive control techniques to decrease stress.
214
bioimpedance spectroscopy
a noninvasive method of diagnosing lymphedema by measuring the limb's resistance to an electrical current.
215
biopsy
the removal of a small piece of living tissue for examination to confirm or establish a diagnosis.
216
BiPAP machine
noninvasive ventilation device like a CPAP machine; however, it can be set at a higher pressure for inhaling and a lower pressure for exhaling.
217
bipolar disorder
a mental condition characterized by cycles of severe mood changes shifting from highs and severe lows.
218
bladder retraining
behavioral training in which the patient learns to urinate on a schedule with increasingly longer time intervals between scheduled urination.
219
bladder ultrasound
the use of a handheld ultrasound transducer to measure the amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination.
220
blepharitis
swelling of the eyelid.
221
blepharoplasty
surgical reduction of the upper and lower eyelids.
222
blindness
the inability to see.
223
blood dyscrasia
any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood.
224
blood urea nitrogen
a blood test performed to determine the amount of urea present in the blood.
225
bloodborne transmission
the spread of a disease through contact with blood or other body fluids that are contaminated with blood.
226
body mass index
a number that shows body weight adjusted for height.
227
bolus
a single dose of a drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time.
228
bone density testing
a diagnostic test to determine losses or changes in bone density.
229
bone marrow biopsy
a diagnostic test to determine why blood cells are abnormal or to find a donor match for a bone marrow transplant.
230
bone marrow transplant
cancer treatment in which abnormal bone marrow is destroyed and replaced with new stem cells.
231
bone scan
a specialized nuclear scan that identifies new areas of bone growth or breakdown.
232
borborygmus
the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine.
233
Botox
a formulation of botulinum toxin that is administered by injection to temporarily improve the appearance of frown lines between the eyebrows.
234
bowel incontinence
the inability to control the excretion of feces.
235
brachytherapy
the use of radioactive materials in contact with or implanted into the tissues to be treated.
236
bradycardia
an abnormally slow resting heart rate, usually at a rate of less than 60 beats per minute.
237
bradykinesia
extreme slowness in movement.
238
bradypnea
an abnormally slow rate of respiration, usually of less than 10 breaths per minute.
239
brain tumor
an abnormal growth within the skull.
240
brand name
medication sold under the name given the drug by the manufacturer
241
Braxton Hicks contractions
intermittent painless uterine contractions that are not true labor pains.
242
breast augmentation
mammoplasty performed to increase breast size.
243
breast cancer
a carcinoma that develops from the cells of the breast and can spread to adjacent lymph nodes and other body sites.
244
breast reduction
mammoplasty performed to decrease and reshape excessively large, heavy breasts..
245
breast self-examination
a self-care procedure for the early detection of breast cancer.
246
breech presentation
a birth complication in which the buttocks or feet of the fetus are positioned to enter the birth canal first instead of the head.
247
bronchiectasis
permanent dilation of the bronchi caused by chronic infection and inflammation.
248
bronchodilator
a medication that relaxes and expands the bronchial passages into the lungs.
249
bronchopneumonia
a localized form of pneumonia often affects the bronchioles.
250
bronchorrhea
an excessive discharge of mucus from the bronchi.
251
bronchoscopy
the visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope.
252
bronchospasm
a contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles that tighten and squeeze the airway shut.
253
bruit
an abnormal sound or murmur heard during auscultation of an artery.
254
bruxism
involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep.
255
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting
256
bulla
a large blister that is usually more than 0.5 cm in diameter.
257
burn
an injury to body tissues caused by heat, flame, electricity, sun, chemicals, or radiation.
258
burn, first-degree
a burn in which there are no blisters and only superficial damage to the epidermis.
259
burn, second-degree
a burn in which there are blisters and damage to both the epidermis and the dermis.
260
burn, third-degree
a burn in which there is damage to the epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layers, and possibly also the muscle below.
261
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa.
262
C-reactive protein
a blood test that detects high levels of inflammation within the body.
263
cachexia
physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS.
264
calcium channel blocker agents
medications that cause the heart and blood vessels to relax by decreasing the movement of calcium into the cells of these structures.
265
calciuria
the presence of calcium in the urine.
266
callus
a bulging deposit that forms around the area of the break in a bone; also a thickening of the skin that is caused by repeated rubbing
267
cancer
a class of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to invade other tissues.
268
candidiasis
a yeast infection.
269
capillary hemangioma
a soft, raised, pink, or red vascular birthmark..
270
capillary puncture
technique used to obtain a small amount of blood for a blood test.
271
capsule endoscopy
a tiny video camera in a capsule that the patient swallows that transmits images of the walls of the small intestine.
272
carbuncle
a cluster of connected furuncles (boils).
273
carcinoma
a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue.
274
carcinoma in situ
a malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues.
275
cardiac ablation
a procedure using heat or extreme cold to scar or destroy the heart tissue triggering an abnormal heart rhythm.
276
cardiac arrest
an event in which the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood.
277
cardiac catheterization
a diagnostic procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and guided into the heart.
278
cardiocentesis
the puncture of a chamber of the heart for diagnosis or therapy.
279
cardiomegaly
abnormal enlargement of the heart.
280
cardiomyopathy
all diseases of the heart muscle.
281
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
an emergency procedure for life support consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac compression.
282
carditis
an inflammation of the heart.
283
carotid endarterectomy
surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery.
284
carotid ultrasonography
an ultrasound study of the carotid artery that is performed to predict or diagnose an ischemic stroke.
285
carpal tunnel release
the surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve pressure on nerves and tendons.
286
carpal tunnel syndrome
swelling that creates pressure on the median nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel.
287
castration
surgical removal or destruction of both testicles.
288
cataract
the loss of transparency of the lens of the eye.
289
catatonic behavior
marked by a lack of responsiveness, stupor, and a tendency to remain in a fixed posture.
290
causalgia
persistent, severe, burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve.
291
cauterization
the destruction of tissue by burning.
292
celiac disease
an inherited autoimmune disorder characterized by a severe reaction to foods containing gluten.
293
cellulitis
an acute, rapidly spreading bacterial infection within the connective tissues of the skin.
294
centesis
a surgical puncture to remove fluid for diagnostic purposes or to remove excess fluid.
295
cephalalgia
pain in the head.
296
cephalic presentation
when the baby is born head first.
297
cerebral contusion
bruising of brain tissue as the result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the skull.
298
cerebral palsy
a condition characterized by poor muscle control, spasticity, and other neurologic deficiencies.
299
cerebrovascular accident
damage to the brain that occurs when the blood flow to the brain is disrupted
300
cervical cancer
cancer that develops in the cervix.
301
cervical dysplasia
the presence of precancerous changes in the cells that make up the inner lining of the cervix.
302
cervical radiculopathy
nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region.
303
cervicitis
inflammation of the cervix.
304
cesarean section
the delivery of the child through an incision in the maternal abdominal and uterine walls.
305
chalazion
a nodule or cyst, usually on the upper eyelid, caused by obstruction of a sebaceous gland.
306
cheilosis
a disorder of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth.
307
chemabrasion
the use of chemicals to remove the outer layers of skin.
308
chemoprevention
the use of natural or synthetic substances such as drugs or vitamins to reduce the risk of developing cancer or to reduce the chance that cancer will occur.
309
chemotherapy
the use of chemical agents and drugs in combinations selected to destroy malignant cells and tissues.
310
chest x-ray
a valuable tool for diagnosing pneumonia, lung cancer, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, tuberculosis, and emphysema.
311
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
an irregular pattern of breathing characterized by alternating rapid or shallow respiration followed by slow respiration or apnea.
312
chiropractic manipulative therapy
a system of mechanical spinal adjustments made by a chiropractor to correct biomechanical problems in the skeleton.
313
chlamydia
a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis.
314
chloasma
a pigmentation disorder characterized by brownish spots on the face.
315
cholangiography
a radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium.
316
cholangitis
an acute inflammation of the bile duct characterized by pain in the upper-right quadrant of the abdomen, fever, and jaundice.
317
cholecystectomy
the surgical removal of the gallbladder.
318
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder that is usually associated with gallstones.
319
choledocholithotomy
an incision in the common bile duct for the removal of gallstones.
320
cholelithiasis
the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts.
321
cholesteatoma
destructive epidermal cyst in the middle ear made up of epithelial cells and cholesterol.
322
cholesterol
a fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body.
323
cholesterol-lowering drugs
medications, such as statins, that are administered to reduce the undesirable cholesterol levels in the blood.
324
chondromalacia
abnormal softening of the cartilage.
325
chondroplasty
surgical repair of damaged cartilage.
326
chorionic villus sampling
examination of cells retrieved from the chorionic villi between the 8th and 10th weeks of pregnancy.
327
chronic bronchitis
a disease in which the airways have become inflamed due to recurrent exposure to an inhaled irritant.
328
chronic fatigue syndrome
syndrome: a disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems, with symptoms similar to those of fibromyalgia syndrome.
329
chronic kidney disease
the progressive loss of renal function over months or years.
330
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
a group of lung diseases in which the bronchial airflow is obstructed, making it hard to breathe.
331
chronic venous insufficiency
a condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or leakage of venous valves.
332
cicatrix
a normal scar resulting from the healing of a wound.
333
cineradiography
the recording of fluoroscopy images.
334
circumcision
surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis.
335
cirrhosis
a chronic degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring.
336
claustrophobia
abnormal fear of being in small or enclosed spaces.
337
cleft lip
a birth defect resulting in a deep groove of the lip running upward to the nose.
338
cleft palate
failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus that involves the upper lip, hard palate, and/or soft palate.
339
clinical trials
testing new treatments that have not yet received FDA approval on patients who agree to be part of the research.
340
closed fracture
a fracture in which the bone is broken but there is no open wound in the skin.
341
closed reduction
the attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation.
342
closed-angle glaucoma
a type of glaucoma in which the opening between the cornea and iris narrows so that fluid cannot reach the trabecular meshwork.
343
Clostridium difficile
a bacterial infection common to older adults in hospitals or long-term care facilities.
344
clubbing
abnormal curving of the nails that is often accompanied by enlargement of the fingertips.
345
cluster headaches
intensely painful headaches that affect one side of the head and often occur in groups or clusters.
346
cochlear implant
an electronic device that bypasses the damaged portions of the ear and directly stimulates the auditory nerve.
347
cognition
the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory.
348
cognitive behavioral therapy
treatment that focuses on changing cognitions or thoughts that are affecting a person's emotions and actions.
349
colectomy
surgical removal of all or part of the colon.
350
collagen replacement therapy
a form of soft-tissue augmentation used to soften facial lines or scars, or to make lips appear fuller.
351
Colles' fracture
a fracture at the lower end of the radius that occurs when a person tries to break a fall by landing on his or her hands.
352
colonoscopy
direct visual examination of the inner surface of the colon from the rectum to the cecum.
353
colorectal carcinoma
a common form of cancer that often first manifests itself in polyps in the colon.
354
colostomy
the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface.
355
colotomy
a surgical incision into the colon.
356
colpopexy
surgical fixation of the vagina to a surrounding structure.
357
colporrhaphy
surgical suturing of a tear in the vagina.
358
colporrhexis
tearing or laceration of the vaginal walls.
359
colposcopy
direct visual examination of the tissues of the cervix and vagina.
360
coma
a deep state of unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movements, no response to painful stimuli, and no vocalization.
361
comedo
a noninfected lesion formed by the buildup of sebum and keratin in a hair follicle.
362
comminuted fracture
a fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed.
363
communicable disease
any condition that is transmitted from one person to another by either direct or indirect contact with contaminated objects.
364
community-acquired pneumonia
any pneumonia that results from contagious infection outside of a hospital or clinic.
365
compartment syndrome
the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles.
366
complementary medicine
practices and systems of health care used to supplement allopathic medicine.
367
complete blood cell count
a series of blood tests performed as a group to evaluate several blood conditions.
368
compression fracture
a fracture in which the bone is pressed together on itself.
369
computed tomography
an imaging technique that uses a thin, fan-shaped x-ray beam to produce multiple cross-sectional views of the body.
370
concussion
a violent shaking up or jarring of the brain.
371
conductive hearing loss
a hearing loss in which sound waves are prevented from passing from the air to the fluid-filled inner ear.
372
congenital disorder
an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth.
373
congenital heart defects
structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth.
374
conization
surgical removal of a cone-shaped section of tissue from the cervix.
375
conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva, usually caused by an infection or allergy.
376
Conn's syndrome
a disorder of the adrenal glands caused by the excessive production of aldosterone.
377
conscious
the state of being awake, alert, aware, and responding appropriately.
378
constipation
having a bowel movement fewer than three times per week.
379
contact dermatitis
a localized allergic response caused by contact with an irritant or allergen.
380
contraceptive
a measure taken or a device used to lessen the likelihood of pregnancy.
381
contracture
the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues.
382
contraindication
a factor in the patient's condition that makes the use of a medication or specific treatment dangerous or ill advised.
383
contrast medium
a substance used to make visible structures that are otherwise hard to see.
384
controlled substances
addictive prescription medicines and illegal drugs.
385
contusion
an injury to underlying tissues without breaking the skin, characterized by discoloration and pain.
386
conversion disorder
a condition characterized by a serious temporary or ongoing change in function, such as paralysis or blindness, triggered by psychological factors rather than any physical cause.
387
corneal abrasion
an injury, such as a scratch or irritation, to the outer layers of the cornea.
388
corneal transplant
the surgical replacement of a scarred or diseased cornea with clear corneal tissue from a donor.
389
corneal ulcer
a pitting of the cornea caused by an infection or injury.
390
coronary artery bypass graft
a surgical procedure in which a piece of vein from the leg is implanted on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery.
391
coronary artery disease
atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle.
392
coronary thrombosis
damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery.
393
corticosteroid drug
steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, and their synthetically produced equivalents.
394
cortisone
the synthetic equivalent of natural corticosteroids that are administered to suppress inflammation and to act as an immunosuppressant.
395
costochondritis
an inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum.
396
Coumadin
the brand name for warfarin, an anticoagulant administered to prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger.
397
cover test
an exam of how the two eyes work together, used to assess binocular vision.
398
CPAP machine
a noninvasive ventilation device used in the treatment of sleep apnea.
399
cramp
a painful localized muscle spasm.
400
cranial hematoma
a collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain.
401
craniectomy
surgical removal of a portion of the skull.
402
cranioplasty
surgical repair of the skull.
403
craniosacral therapy
the use of gentle touch to help the body release tension in order to correct restrictions resulting from stress on the CNS.
404
craniostenosis
a malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures.
405
craniotomy
a surgical incision or opening into the skull.
406
creatinuria
an increased concentration of creatinine in the urine.
407
crepitation
the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together.
408
cretinism
a congenital form of hypothyroidism.
409
Crohn's disease
a chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract; however, it is most often found in the ileum and in the colon.
410
crossmatch tests
tests performed to determine the compatibility of blood donor and recipient before a transfusion.
411
croup
an acute respiratory infection in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and swelling around the vocal cords resulting in a barking cough and stridor.
412
crust
a collection of dried serum and cellular debris.
413
cryosurgery
the destruction or elimination of abnormal tissue cells through the application of extreme cold by using liquid nitrogen.
414
cryptorchidism
a developmental defect in which one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum.
415
curettage
the removal of material from the surface by scraping.
416
Cushing's syndrome
a condition caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol.
417
cyanosis
bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by a lack of adequate oxygen in the blood.
418
cyst
an abnormal sac containing fluid, gas, or a semisolid material.
419
cystalgia
pain in the urinary bladder.
420
cystectomy
the surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder.
421
cystic fibrosis
a life-threatening genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus.
422
cystitis
inflammation of the bladder.
423
cystocele
a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall.
424
cystography
a radiographic examination of the bladder after instillation of a contrast medium via a urethral catheter.
425
cystolith
a stone located within the urinary bladder.
426
cystopexy
the surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall.
427
cystorrhaphy
surgical suturing of a wound or defect in the bladder.
428
cystoscopy
the visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope.
429
cytomegalovirus
a type of herpesvirus found in most body fluids.
430
cytotoxic drug
medication that kills or damages cells.
431
dacryoadenitis
an inflammation of the lacrimal gland that can be caused by a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection.
432
deafness
the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear.
433
debridement
the removal of dirt, foreign objects, damaged tissue, and cellular debris from a wound to prevent infection and to promote healing.
434
decibel
commonly used as the measurement of the loudness of sound.
435
deep brain stimulation
a neurosurgical procedure used in the treatment of dystonia, tremors, and Parkinson's disease.
436
deep tendon reflexes
testing of reflexes to diagnose disruptions of the nerve supply to the involved muscles.
437
deep vein thrombosis
the condition of having a thrombus attached to the interior wall of a deep vein.
438
defibrillation
the use of electrical shock to restore the heart's normal rhythm.
439
dehydration
a condition in which fluid loss exceeds fluid intake and disrupts the body's normal electrolyte balance.
440
delirium
an acute condition of confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, agitation, and hallucinations.
441
delirium tremens
a disorder involving sudden and severe mental changes or seizures caused by abruptly stopping the use of alcohol.
442
delusion
a false personal belief that is maintained despite obvious proof or evidence to the contrary.
443
dementia
a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities including memory, thinking, and judgment that is often accompanied by personality changes.
444
dental calculus
hardened dental plaque on the teeth.
445
dental caries.
(KAYR-eez): an infectious disease that destroys the enamel and dentin of the tooth.
446
dental implant
the anchoring of a crown, bridge, or denture to the bone of the jaw.
447
dental plaque
a soft deposit consisting of bacteria and bacterial by-products that builds up on the teeth..
448
dental prophylaxis
the professional cleaning of the teeth to remove plaque and calculus.
449
depression
a common mood disorder characterized by lethargy and sadness, as well as a loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities.
450
dermabrasion
a form of abrasion involving the use of a revolving wire brush or sandpaper.
451
dermatitis
inflammation of the skin..
452
dermatoplasty
the replacement of damaged skin with healthy tissue taken from a donor site on the patient's body
453
dermatosis
a general term used to denote skin lesions or eruptions of any type that are not associated with inflammation.
454
developmental disorder
disorder that can result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe.
455
diabetes insipidus
a condition caused by insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone or by the inability of the kidneys to respond to this hormone.
456
diabetes mellitus
a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in the body's production of insulin (type 1) or its ability to use it properly (type 2)..
457
diabetic coma
a diabetic emergency caused by very high blood sugar.
458
diabetic retinopathy
damage to the retina as a complication of uncontrolled diabetes.
459
dialysis
a procedure to remove waste products from the blood of patients whose kidneys no longer function.
460
diaphragmatic breathing
a relaxation technique used to relieve anxiety.
461
diarrhea
the abnormally frequent flow of loose or watery stools.
462
digital rectal examination
a manual examination performed on men to palpate the prostate gland to detect prostate enlargement and look for indicators of prostate cancer..
463
digital subtraction angiography
a diagnostic technique that combines angiography with computerized components to clarify the view of the area of interest by removing soft tissue and bone from the images.
464
digitalis
medication that strengthens the heart muscle contractions, slows the heart rate, and helps eliminate fluid from body tissues.
465
dilation and curettage
a surgical procedure in which the cervix is dilated and the endometrium of the uterus is scraped away.
466
diphtheria
an acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract.
467
diplopia
the perception of two images of a single object.
468
dislocation
the total displacement of a bone from its joint.
469
dissociative disorders
conditions that occur when normal thought is separated from consciousness.
470
dissociative identity disorder
a mental illness characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own characteristics, which appear to exist within the same individual.
471
diuresis
the increased output of urine.
472
diuretics
medications administered to increase urine secretion to rid the body of excess salt and water.
473
diverticulectomy
surgical removal of a diverticulum.
474
diverticulitis
inflammation or infection of one or more diverticula in the wall of the colon.
475
diverticulosis
the chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula in the wall of the colon.
476
diverticulum
a small pouch or sac occurring in the lining or wall of a tubular organ.
477
Doppler echocardiogram
an ultrasonic diagnostic procedure that measures the speed and direction of the blood flow within the heart..
478
dorsal recumbent position
position where the patient is lying on the back, face up, with the knees bent.
479
Down syndrome
a genetic variation that is associated with characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease.
480
droplet transmission
the spread of diseases such as measles, cold, and flu through large respiratory droplets sprayed by coughing or sneezing onto a nearby person or object.
481
drug abuse
the excessive use of illegal drugs or the misuse of prescription drugs.
482
drug interaction
the result of drugs reacting with each other, often in ways that are unexpected or potentially harmful.
483
drug overdose
the accidental or intentional use of an illegal drug or prescription medicine in an amount higher than what is safe or normal.
484
drug-screening urine test
a rapid method of identifying the presence in the body of one or more drugs of abuse.
485
dual x-ray absorptiometry
a low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density.
486
ductal carcinoma in situ
breast cancer at its earliest stage before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct..
487
duplex ultrasound
a diagnostic procedure to image the structures of the blood vessels and the flow of blood through these vessels.
488
dysentery
a bacterial infection spread through food or water contaminated by human feces
489
dysfunctional uterine bleeding
a condition characterized by abnormal bleeding.
490
dyskinesia
distortion or impairment of voluntary movement.
491
dyslexia
a learning disability characterized by substandard reading achievement due to the inability of the brain to process symbols.
492
dysmenorrhea
pain caused by uterine cramps during a menstrual period.
493
dyspareunia
pain during sexual intercourse.
494
dyspepsia
pain or discomfort in digestion.
495
dysphagia
difficulty in swallowing.
496
dysphonia
difficulty in speaking, which may include any impairment in vocal quality.
497
dysplasia
abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs.
498
dysplastic nevi
atypical moles that can develop into skin cancer.
499
dyspnea
difficult or labored breathing.
500
dystonia
a condition of abnormal muscle tone.
501
dysuria
difficult or painful urination.
502
E. coli
infection caused by the bacteria Escherichia coli, transmitted through improperly cooked, contaminated foods.
503
ear tubes
tiny ventilating tubes placed through the eardrum to provide ongoing drainage for fluids and to relieve pressure that can build up after childhood ear infections.
504
ebola
a rare and generally fatal disease transmitted by contact with any bodily fluids infected with the Ebola virus.
505
ecchymosis
a large, irregular area of purplish discoloration due to bleeding under the skin.
506
echocardiography
an ultrasonic diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the structures and motion of the heart.
507
echoencephalography
the use of ultrasound imaging to create a detailed visual image of the brain for diagnostic purposes..
508
eclampsia
during pregnancy, a more serious form of preeclampsia characterized by convulsions and sometimes coma.
509
ectopic pregnancy
the condition in which a fertilized egg is implanted and begins to develop outside of the uterus.
510
ectropion
the eversion of the edge of an eyelid..
511
eczema
a form of recurring dermatitis characterized by itching, redness, and dryness.
512
edema
swelling caused by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in cells, tissues, or cavities of the body.
513
electrocardiogram
a record of the electrical activity of the myocardium.
514
electrocardiography
the noninvasive process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium..
515
electroconvulsive therapy
a procedure in which small amounts of electric current is passed through the brain, deliberately triggering a brief seizure in order to reverse symptoms of certain mental illnesses.
516
electrodessication
a surgical technique in which tissue is destroyed using an electric spark.
517
electroencephalography
the process of recording the electrical activity of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to the scalp.
518
electrolysis
the use of electric current to destroy hair follicles for the removal of undesired hair.
519
electromyography
a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation.
520
ELISA
the acronym for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a blood test that is used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies.
521
embolism
the sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus.
522
embolus
a foreign object, such as a blood clot, a quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor, that is circulating in the blood.
523
emesis
the reflex ejection of the stomach contents outward through the mouth.
524
emphysema
the progressive, longterm loss of lung function, usually due to smoking.
525
empyema
an accumulation of pus in a body cavity.
526
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain.
527
encephalocele
a congenital herniation of brain substance through a gap in the skull.
528
end-stage renal disease
the final stage of chronic kidney disease.
529
endemic
refers to the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area.
530
endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart.
531
endocervicitis
inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the cervix.
532
endometrial biopsy
a diagnostic test in which a small amount of the tissue lining the uterus is removed for microscopic examination.
533
endometrial cancer
a cancerous growth that begins in the lining of the uterus.
534
endometriosis
a condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity.
535
endoscope
a small, flexible tube with a light and lens on the end.
536
endoscopic surgery
a surgical procedure performed through very small incisions with the use of an endoscope and specialized instruments.
537
endoscopy
the visual examination of the interior of a body cavity or organ.
538
endotracheal intubation
the passage of a tube through the mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway.
539
endovaginal ultrasound
a diagnostic test utilizing ultrasound to image the uterus and fallopian tubes to determine the cause of abnormal vaginal bleeding.
540
enema
the placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity.
541
enteritis
inflammation of the small intestine caused by eating or drinking substances contaminated with viral or bacterial pathogens.
542
entropion
the inversion of the edge of an eyelid.
543
enucleation
the removal of the eyeball, leaving the eye muscles intact.
544
enuresis
the involuntary discharge of urine.
545
eosinophilic esophagitis
a chronic immune system disease in which a type of white blood cell called an eosinophil builds up in the esophagus, usually as the result of an allergy to certain foods.
546
epicondylitis
inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow.
547
epidemic
a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area.
548
epidermoid cyst
a closed sac that is found just under the skin.
549
epididymitis
inflammation of the epididymis.
550
epidural anesthesia
regional anesthesia produced by injecting medication into the epidural space of the lumbar or sacral region of the spine.
551
epilepsy
a chronic neurologic condition characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures of varying severity.
552
episiorrhaphy
surgical suturing to repair an episiotomy.
553
episiotomy
a surgical incision made into the perineum to enlarge the vaginal orifice to prevent tearing of the tissues as the infant moves out of the birth canal.
554
epispadias
a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening. In the male this opening is located on the upper surface of the penis; in the female the urethral opening is in the region of the clitoris.
555
epistaxis
bleeding from the nose.
556
erectile dysfunction
the inability of the male to achieve or maintain a penile erection.
557
ergonomics
the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment.
558
erosion
the wearing away of a surface.
559
eructation
the act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach.
560
erythema
redness of the skin due to capillary dilation.
561
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
a blood test based on the speed with which the red blood cells separate from the plasma and settle to the bottom of a specialized test tube.
562
erythroderma
abnormal redness of the entire skin surface.
563
esophageal varices
enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus.
564
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
the endoscopic examination of the upper GI tract.
565
esotropia
strabismus characterized by an inward deviation of one or both eyes.
566
etiology
the study of the causes of diseases
567
eupnea
easy or normal breathing.
568
exanthem
a widespread rash, usually in children.
569
exfoliative cytology
a biopsy technique in which cells are scraped from the tissue and examined under a microscope.
570
exfoliative dermatitis
a condition in which there is widespread scaling of the skin.
571
exophthalmos
an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit.
572
exotropia
strabismus characterized by the outward deviation of one eye relative to the other.
573
expectoration
the act of coughing up and spitting out saliva, mucus, or other body fluid.
574
external fixation
a fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing.
575
extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
the destruction of kidney stones using high-energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel.
576
extraoral radiography
dental radiograph where the film is placed and exposed outside of the mouth.
577
exudate
fluid, such as pus, that leaks out of an infected wound.
578
factitious disorder
a condition in which a person acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when he or she is not really sick.
579
fasciitis
inflammation of a fascia.
580
fascioplasty
surgical repair of a fascia.
581
fasciotomy
a surgical incision through a fascia to relieve tension or pressure.
582
fasting blood sugar
a blood test to measure the glucose levels after the patient has not eaten for 8 to 12 hours.
583
fat embolus
the release of fat cells from yellow bone marrow into the bloodstream when a long bone is fractured.
584
fenestration
a surgical procedure in which a new opening is created in the labyrinth to restore lost hearing.
585
fetal alcohol syndrome
condition characterized by growth abnormalities, intellectual disability, brain damage, and socialization difficulties, caused by the mother's consumption of alcohol during pregnancy.
586
fetal monitoring
the use of an electronic device to record the fetal heart rate and the maternal uterine contractions during labor.
587
fetal ultrasound
a noninvasive procedure used to image and evaluate fetal development during pregnancy.
588
fever
a body temperature of 100°F or higher.
589
fibrillation
a rapid and uncontrolled heart beat.
590
fibroadenoma
a round, rubbery, firm mass that arises from excess growth of glandular and connective tissue in the breast.
591
fibrocystic breast disease
the presence of single or multiple benign cysts in the breasts.
592
fibromyalgia
a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; muscle, joint, or bone pain; and a wide range of other symptoms.
593
first trimester screening
performed between 11 and 13 weeks of pregnancy and involves an ultrasound and a finger-stick blood test.
594
fissure
a groove or crack-like sore of the skin; also normal folds in the contours of the brain.
595
fistula
an abnormal passage between two internal organs or leading from an organ to the surface of the body.
596
flatulence
passage of gas out of the body through the rectum.
597
floaters
particles of cellular debris that float in the vitreous fluid and cast shadows on the retina.
598
fluorescein angiography
a radiographic study of the blood vessels in the retina of the eye following the intravenous injection of a fluorescein dye as a contrast medium.
599
fluorescein staining
the application of a fluorescent dye to the surface of the eye via eye drops or a strip applicator.
600
fluoroscopy
the visualization of body parts in motion by projecting x-ray images on a luminous fluorescent screen.
601
Foley catheter
the most common type of indwelling catheter.
602
folliculitis
inflammation of the hair follicles.
603
food allergy
an immune system reaction that occurs after eating a certain food.
604
food-borne and waterborne transmission
caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill pathogens that are present.
605
formulary
a list of prescription drugs covered by a specific health care plan. fracture: a broken bone.
606
fracture
a broken bone.
607
fructosamine test
a blood test that measures average glucose levels over the past three weeks.
608
functional disorder
a condition that produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified.
609
functional endoscopic sinus surgery
a surgical procedure performed using an endoscope in which chronic sinusitis is treated by enlarging the opening between the nose and sinus.
610
functional MRI
detects changes in blood flow in the brain when the patient is asked to perform a specific task.
611
fungus
a simple parasitic organism.
612
furuncles
large, tender, swollen areas caused by a staphylococcal infection around hair follicles or sebaceous glands.
613
galactorrhea
the production of breast milk in women who are not breast feeding.
614
gallstone.
a hard deposit that forms in the gallbladder and bile ducts.
615
Gamma knife surgery
a type of radiation treatment for brain tumors.
616
ganglion cyst
a harmless, fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist.
617
gangrene
tissue death caused by a loss of circulation to the affected tissues.
618
gastralgia
pain in the stomach.
619
gastrectomy
surgical removal of all or a part of the stomach.
620
gastritis
inflammation of the stomach lining.
621
gastroduodenostomy
the establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum.
622
gastrodynia
pain in the stomach.
623
gastroenteritis
inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines.
624
gastroesophageal reflux disease
the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus.
625
gastroparesis
a condition in which the muscles in the stomach slow down and work poorly or not at all.
626
gastrorrhea
the excessive secretion of gastric juice or mucus in the stomach.
627
gastrosis
any disease of the stomach.
628
gastrostomy tube
a surgically placed feeding tube from the exterior of the body directly into the stomach.
629
gender dysphoria
a condition where a person's gender at birth does not match the gender with which they currently identify, causing significant amounts of stress.
630
generalized anxiety disorder:
a mental condition characterized by chronic, excessive worrying.
631
generic drug
medication named for its chemical structure that is not protected by a brand name or trademark.
632
genetic disorder
a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene.
633
genital herpes
a sexually transmitted disease caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2.
634
genital warts
a sexually transmitted disease caused by the human papillomavirus.
635
gestational diabetes mellitus
the form of diabetes that occurs during some pregnancies.
636
gigantism
abnormal growth of the entire body caused by excessive secretion of the growth hormone before puberty.
637
gingivectomy
surgical removal of diseased gingival tissue.
638
gingivitis
inflammation of the gums; the earliest stage of periodontal disease.
639
glaucoma
a group of diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure that causes damage to the optic nerve and retinal nerve fibers. glomerular filtration rate: a blood test to check how well the kidneys are filtering blood.
640
glomerular filtration rate
a blood test to check how well the kidneys are filtering blood.
641
glomerulonephritis
a type of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli.
642
gluten intolerance
a response to gluten involving digestive distress but not causing the intestinal tissue damage of celiac disease.
643
glycosuria
the presence of glucose in the urine.
644
goiter
an abnormal, benign enlargement of the thyroid gland.
645
gonorrhea
a highly contagious sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
646
gout
a type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints.
647
granulation tissue
the tissue that normally forms during the healing of a wound that will become the scar tissue.
648
granuloma
a general term used to describe a small, knot-like swelling of granulation tissue in the epidermis.
649
Graves' disease
an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system stimulates the thyroid to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormone.
650
greenstick fracture
a type of fracture in which the bone is bent and only partially broken.
651
guided imagery
a type of treatment in which a patient follows verbal prompts to envision a peaceful location and distance him- or herself from current pain or stress.
652
Guillain-Barré syndrome
inflammation of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves, characterized by rapidly worsening muscle weakness that may lead to temporary paralysis.
653
gynecomastia
the condition of excessive mammary development in the male.
654
halitosis
an unpleasant odor coming from the mouth.
655
hallucination
a sensory perception experienced in the absence of an external stimulation.
656
hallux valgus
an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe.
657
hamstring injury
a strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and bend the knee.
658
hand, foot, and mouth disease
a mild viral infection common in children under 5 years of age characterized by sores in the mouth and throat and a rash on the hands and feet.
659
Hashimoto's disease
an autoimmune disorder in which the body's own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland.
660
hearing aid
an electronic device that is worn to correct a hearing loss.
661
heart block
a congenital or acquired arrhythmia caused by the electrical signal moving through the heart being partially or completely blocked from reaching the ventricles.
662
heart failure
a chronic condition in which the heart is unable to pump out all of the blood it receives.
663
heart murmur
an abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to the heart or neighboring large blood vessels.
664
heel spurs
a calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the heel.
665
HELLP syndrome
a pregnancy complication characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count.
666
hemangioma
a benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels.
667
hemarthrosis
blood within a joint.
668
hematemesis
the vomiting of blood.
669
hematochezia
the flow of bright red blood in the stool.
670
hematocrit
a blood test that measures the percentage by volume of red blood cells in a whole blood sample.
671
hematoma
a swelling of clotted blood trapped in the tissues.
672
hematospermia
the presence of blood in the seminal fluid.
673
hematuria
the presence of blood in the urine.
674
hemianopia
blindness in one half of the visual field.
675
hemiparesis
slight paralysis or weakness affecting only one side of the body
676
hemiplegia
total paralysis affecting only one side of the body.
677
Hemoccult test
a laboratory test for hidden blood in the stools.
678
hemochromatosis
a genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron.
679
hemodialysis
a process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patient's blood.
680
hemoglobin A1c testing
a blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the previous three to four months.
681
hemolytic anemia
condition characterized by an inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to their premature destruction by the spleen.
682
hemophilia
a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing.
683
hemoptysis
expectoration of blood or bloodstained sputum.
684
hemorrhage
the loss of a large amount of blood in a short time.
685
hemorrhagic stroke
damage to the brain that occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks.
686
hemorrhoidectomy
the surgical removal of hemorrhoids.
687
hemorrhoids
a condition that occurs when a cluster of enlarged veins, muscles, and tissues slip near or through the anal opening.
688
hemostasis
to stop or control bleeding.
689
hemothorax
a collection of blood in the pleural cavity.
690
heparin
a common anticoagulant administered by injection or in an IV solution.
691
hepatectomy
the surgical removal of all or part of the liver.
692
hepatitis
inflammation of the liver.
693
hepatomegaly
abnormal enlargement of the liver.
694
hernia
the protrusion of a part or structure through the tissues normally containing it.
695
herniated disk
the breaking apart of a intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots.
696
herpes labialis
blister-like sores on the lips caused by HSV-1.
697
herpes zoster
an acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve.
698
Hertz
a measure of sound frequency that determines how high or low a pitch is.
699
hiatal hernia
the protrusion of part of the stomach through an opening in the diaphragm.
700
high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
the form of cholesterol that does not contribute to plaque buildup.
701
hip resurfacing
an alternative to total hip replacement, a metal cap is placed over the head of the femur to allow it to move smoothly over a metal lining in the acetabulum.
702
hirsutism
excessive bodily and facial hair in women, usually occurring in a male pattern.
703
hoarding disorder
a mental illness characterized by the over-accumulation of belongings in a way that interferes with daily living.
704
Hodgkin's lymphoma
a malignancy of the lymphatic system that is distinguished from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells.
705
holistic
a treatment approach that takes into consideration the whole body and its environment, including the mind, body, and spirit.
706
Holter monitor
a portable electrocardiograph worn by an ambulatory patient to continuously monitor the heart rates and rhythms over a 24- or 48-hour period.
707
home blood glucose monitoring
test performed by the patient using a drop of blood to measure the current blood glucose level.
708
homeopathy
the belief that the body can stimulate its own healing responses when the right substance is given in minute doses.
709
homeostasis
the processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment.
710
hordeolum
a pus-filled lesion on the eyelid resulting from an infection in a sebaceous gland.
711
horizontal recumbent position
lying on the back with the face up.
712
hormone replacement therapy
the use of the female hormones estrogen and progestin to replace those the body no longer produces during and after perimenopause.
713
hospital-acquired pneumonia
a type of pneumonia contracted during a stay in the hospital when a patient's defenses are impaired.
714
human growth hormone
a synthetic version of the growth hormone that is administered to stimulate growth when the natural supply of growth hormone is insufficient for normal development.
715
human immunodeficiency virus
a bloodborne pathogen that damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail.
716
human papillomavirus
a virus that causes genital warts and cervical cancer.
717
Huntington's disease
a genetic disorder that causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife.
718
hydrocele
a fluid-filled sac in the scrotum along the spermatic cord leading from the testicles.
719
hydrocephalus
a condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates within the ventricles of the brain.
720
hydronephrosis
the dilation of one or both kidneys.
721
hydroureter
the distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked.
722
hyperbaric oxygen therapy
use of inhaled oxygen in a special chamber with increased air pressure to promote healing and fight infection.
723
hypercalcemia
abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood.
724
hypercapnia
the abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood.
725
hyperemesis
extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration.
726
hyperesthesia
a condition of abnormal and excessive sensitivity to touch, pain, or other sensory stimuli.
727
hyperglycemia
an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood.
728
hypergonadism
the excessive secretion of hormones by the sex glands.
729
hyperhidrosis
a condition of excessive sweating in one area or over the whole body.
730
hyperinsulinism
a condition marked by excessive secretion of insulin.
731
hyperkinesia
abnormally increased muscle function or activity.
732
hyperlipidemia
the general term used to describe elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood.
733
hypermenorrhea
an excessive amount of menstrual flow over a period of more than seven days.
734
hyperopia
a vision defect in which light rays focus beyond the retina; also known as farsightedness.
735
hyperparathyroidism
the overproduction of the parathyroid hormone that causes hypercalcemia.
736
hyperpituitarism
the excess secretion of growth hormone that causes acromegaly and gigantism.
737
hyperplasia
the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells.
738
hyperpnea
breathing that is deeper and more rapid than is normal at rest.
739
hyperproteinuria
the presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine.
740
hypertension
the elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system.
741
hyperthermia
an extremely high fever.
742
hyperthyroidism
the overproduction of thyroid hormones.
743
hypertrophy
a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ due to an increase in the size, but not the number, of cells in the tissues.
744
hyperventilation
an abnormally rapid rate of deep respiration that is usually associated with anxiety.
745
hypnosis
a type of therapy in which a patient is placed in a susceptible state and then given suggestions directed toward their treatment goal.
746
hypnotherapy
the use of hypnosis to produce an altered state of focused attention in which the patient may be more willing to believe and act on suggestions.
747
hypnotic
medication that depresses the central nervous system and usually produces sleep.
748
hypocalcemia
a condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood.
749
hypoglycemia
an abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood.
750
hypogonadism
the condition of deficient secretion of hormones by the sex glands.
751
hypomenorrhea
an unusually small amount of menstrual flow during a shortened regular menstrual period.
752
hypoparathyroidism
a condition caused by an insufficient or absent secretion of parathyroid hormone.
753
hypoperfusion
a deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part.
754
hypophysectomy
the removal of abnormal tissue from the pituitary gland.
755
hypoplasia
the incomplete development of an organ or tissue.
756
hypopnea
shallow or slow respiration.
757
hypoproteinemia
the presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood.
758
hypospadias
the congenital abnormality of the urethral opening. In the male the urethral opening is on the underside of the penis; in the female the urethra opens into the vagina.
759
hypotension
lower than normal arterial blood pressure.
760
hypothermia
an abnormally low body temperature.
761
hypothyroidism
a deficiency of thyroid secretion.
762
hypotonia
a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles.
763
hypoxemia
a condition of having low oxygen levels in the blood.
764
hypoxia
the condition of having deficient oxygen levels in the body tissues and organs; less severe than anoxia.
765
hysterectomy
the surgical removal of the uterus.
766
hysterosalpingography
a radiographic examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes.
767
hysteroscopy
the direct visual examination of the interior of the uterus and fallopian tubes.
768
iatrogenic illness
an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment.
769
ichthyosis
a group of hereditary disorders characterized by dry, thickened, and scaly skin.
770
idiopathic disorder
an illness without known cause.
771
idiosyncratic reaction
an unexpected reaction to a drug that is peculiar to the individual.
772
ileal conduit
use of a small piece of intestine to convey urine to the ureters and to a stoma in the abdomen.
773
ileectomy
the surgical removal of the ileum.
774
ileostomy
the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the ileum and the outside of the abdominal wall.
775
ileus
the partial or complete blockage of the small and/or large intestine.
776
iliotibial band syndrome
an overuse injury caused by this band rubbing against bone, often in the area of the knee.
777
immobilization
the act of holding, suturing, or fastening a bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast.
778
immunity
the state of being resistant to a specific disease.
779
immunodeficiency disorder
a condition that occurs when immune system response is compromised
780
immunoglobulins
antibodies that bind with specific antigens in the antigen- antibody response.
781
immunosuppressant
a substance that prevents or reduces the body's normal immune response.
782
immunosuppression
treatment to repress or interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens.
783
immunotherapy
a disease treatment that involves either stimulating or repressing the immune response.
784
impacted cerumen
an accumulation of earwax that forms a solid mass by adhering to the walls of the external auditory canal.
785
impetigo
a highly contagious bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture.
786
impingement syndrome
inflammation of tendons that get caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint.
787
implantable cardioverter defibrillator
a double-action pacemaker that regulates the heartbeat and acts as an automatic defibrillator.
788
impulse control disorders
a group of psychiatric disorders characterized by failure to resist an impulse despite potential negative consequences. incision: a cut made with a surgical instrument.
789
in vitro fertilization
a procedure in which mature ova are removed from the mother to be fertilized.
790
incision
a cut made with a surgical instrument.
791
incontinence
the inability to control the excretion of urine and/or feces.
792
incubator
an apparatus for maintaining a controlled environment for a premature or ill newborn.
793
indirect contact transmission
refers to situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface.
794
indwelling catheter
a catheter that remains inside the body for a prolonged time based on need.
795
infection
invasion of the body by a pathogenic organism.
796
infectious disease
an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses.
797
infectious mononucleosis
an infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus that is characterized by fever, a sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes.
798
Ehrlich, Ann; Schroeder, Carol L.; Ehrlich, Laura; Schroeder, Katrina A.. Medical Terminology for Health Professions, Spiral bound Version (Page 575). Cengage Learning. Kindle Edition.
a contagious inflammation that causes painful blisters on the eardrum.
799
Ehrlich, Ann; Schroeder, Carol L.; Ehrlich, Laura; Schroeder, Katrina A.. Medical Terminology for Health Professions, Spiral bound Version (Page 575). Cengage Learning. Kindle Edition.
the dwelling of microscopic parasites on external surface tissue.
800
Ehrlich, Ann; Schroeder, Carol L.; Ehrlich, Laura; Schroeder, Katrina A.. Medical Terminology for Health Professions, Spiral bound Version (Page 575). Cengage Learning. Kindle Edition.
breast cancer that starts in the milk duct, breaks through the wall of that duct, and invades the fatty breast tissue.
801
infiltrating lobular carcinoma
breast cancer that starts in the milk glands, breaks through the wall of the gland, and invades the fatty tissue of the breast.
802
inflammation
a localized response to an injury or to the destruction of tissues.
803
inflammatory bowel disease
the general name for diseases that cause inflammation and swelling in the intestines.
804
inflammatory breast cancer
a rare but aggressive form of breast cancer.
805
influenza
a highly contagious viral respiratory infection that occurs in seasonal epidemics.
806
inguinal hernia
the protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin.
807
inhalation administration
the administration of medication in the form of vapor and gases taken in through the nose or mouth and absorbed into the bloodstream through the lungs
808
insomnia
the prolonged or abnormal inability to sleep.
809
insulin shock
a diabetic emergency caused by very low blood sugar.
810
insulinoma
a benign tumor of the pancreas that causes hypoglycemia by secreting additional insulin.
811
integrative medicine
a health care model based on both allopathic and alternative medicine.
812
intellectual disability
significant below-average intellectual and adaptive functioning present from birth or early infancy.
813
intermittent catheter
inserted as needed to drain urine from the bladder.
814
intermittent claudication
pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest.
815
internal fixation
fracture treatment in which pins or a plate are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place.
816
interstitial cystitis
a chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder.
817
interstitial lung diseases
a group of diseases that cause inflammation and scarring of the alveoli and their supporting structures.
818
interventional radiology
the use of radiographic imaging to guide a procedure or confirm placement of an inserted object.
819
intestinal obstruction
the partial or complete blockage of the small and/or large intestine caused by a physical obstruction
820
intracranial pressure
the amount of pressure inside the skull.
821
intradermal injection
the administration of medication by injection into the middle layers of the skin.
822
intramuscular injection
the administration of medication by injection directly into muscle tissue.
823
intraocular lens
a surgically implanted replacement for a natural lens that has been removed.
824
intraoral radiography
the placement of x-ray film within the mouth with the camera positioned next to the cheek.
825
intrauterine device
a molded plastic contraceptive inserted through the cervix into the uterus to prevent pregnancy.
826
intravenous fluids
fluids administered into a vein to combat the effects of dehydration.
827
intravenous injection
the administration of medication by injection directly into a vein.
828
intravenous pyelography
a radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters.
829
intussusception
the telescoping of one part of the small intestine into the opening of an immediately adjacent part.
830
iridectomy
the surgical removal of a portion of the tissue of the iris.
831
iritis
inflammation of the uvea primarily affecting structures in the front of the eye.
832
iron-deficiency anemia
a decrease in the red cells of the blood that is caused by too little iron.
833
irrigation and debridement
a procedure using pressurized fluid to clean out wound debris.
834
irritable bowel syndrome
a common condition of unknown cause with symptoms that can include intermittent cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and/or diarrhea.
835
ischemia
a condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen in the tissues due to restricted blood flow to a part of the body
836
ischemic colitis
a condition that occurs when part of the large intestine is partially or completely deprived of blood.
837
ischemic stroke
damage that occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked by the narrowing or blockage of a carotid artery.
838
jaundice
a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes.
839
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
an autoimmune disorder affecting children aged 16 years or younger, with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue.
840
Kaposi's sarcoma
a cancer that causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow under the skin; in the lining of the mouth, nose, and throat; or in other organs.
841
Kegel exercises
a series of pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor.
842
keloid
an abnormally raised or thickened scar that expands beyond the boundaries of the original incision.
843
keratitis
inflammation of the cornea.
844
keratoconus
a condition in which the cornea becomes irregular and cone shaped.
845
keratosis
any skin growth, such as a wart or a callus, in which there is overgrowth and thickening of the skin.
846
ketonuria
the presence of ketones in the urine.
847
ketosis
a normal metabolic process that helps the body utilize stored fat when other sources of energy are lacking.
848
kinesiology
the study of body movements and physical activity.
849
knee-chest position
position in which the patient is lying face down with the hips bent so that the knees and chest rest on the table.
850
koilonychia
a malformation of the nails in which the outer surface is concave or scooped out like the bowl of a spoon.
851
KUB
a radiographic study without the use of a contrast medium, used to detect bowel obstructions and nephroliths..
852
kyphosis
an abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side.
853
labyrinthectomy
the surgical removal of all or a portion of the labyrinth.
854
labyrinthitis
inflammation of the labyrinth that can result in vertigo and deafness.
855
laceration
a torn or jagged wound or an accidental cut.
856
lactose intolerance
the inability to digest dairy products due to the absence of the enzyme lactase.
857
laminectomy
the surgical removal of a lamina from a vertebra.
858
laparoscopic adrenalectomy
a minimally invasive procedure to surgically remove one or both adrenal glands.
859
laparoscopy
the visual examination of the interior of the abdomen with the use of a laparoscope.
860
laryngectomy
the surgical removal of the larynx.
861
laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx.
862
laryngoscopy
the visual examination of the larynx and vocal cords using a laryngoscope.
863
laryngospasm
the sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx.
864
laryngotomy
a surgical incision into the larynx.
865
laser
an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, used to treat skin conditions and other disorders of the body.
866
laser angioplasty
removing plaque deposit in an artery using beams of light from a laser on the end of a catheter.
867
laser iridotomy
uses a focused beam of light to create a hole in the iris of the eye.
868
laser trabeculoplasty
treatment of open-angle glaucoma by creating openings in the trabecular meshwork to allow fluid to drain properly..
869
LASIK (laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis)
treatment of vision conditions that are caused by the shape of the cornea.
870
latent autoimmune diabetes in adults
a condition in which type 1 diabetes develops in adults.
871
laxatives
medications or foods given to stimulate bowel movements.
872
learning disabilities
disorders found in children of normal intelligence who have difficulties in learning specific skills such as processing language or grasping mathematical concepts.
873
lensectomy
the surgical removal of a cataract-clouded lens.
874
lesion
a pathologic change of tissues due to disease or injury.
875
lethargy
a lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy.
876
leukemia
a type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal white blood cells found in bloodforming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood.
877
leukopenia
a decrease in the number of white blood cells circulating in the blood.
878
leukoplakia
an abnormal white precancerous lesion that develops inside the mouth in response to chronic irritation.
879
leukorrhea
a profuse whitish mucus discharge from the uterus and vagina.
880
levels of consciousness
terms used to describe the measurement of response to arousal and stimulus.
881
lipectomy
the surgical removal of fat from beneath the skin..
882
lipedema
a chronic abnormal condition characterized by the accumulation of fat and fluid in the tissues just under the skin of the hips and legs.
883
lipid panel
a blood test that measures the amounts of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides.
884
lipoma
a benign, slow-growing fatty tumor located between the skin and the muscle layer.
885
liposuction
the surgical removal of fat beneath the skin with the aid of suction.
886
lithotomy
a surgical incision for the removal of a stone from the bladder.
887
lithotomy position
an examination position in which the patient is lying on the back with the feet and legs raised and supported in stirrups.
888
liver transplant
an option for a patient whose liver has failed for a reason other than liver cancer.
889
lobar pneumonia
a type of pneumonia that affects larger areas of the lungs, often including one or more sections, or lobes, of a lung.
890
lobectomy
the surgical removal of a lobe of an organ.
891
localized allergic response
includes redness, itching, and burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen.
892
lordosis
an abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine.
893
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
the form of cholesterol that contributes to plaque buildup in the arteries.
894
lumbago
pain of the lumbar region of the spine.
895
lumbar puncture
the process of obtaining a sample of cerebrospinal fluid by inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region to withdraw fluid.
896
lumbar radiculopathy
nerve pain in the lower back.
897
lumpectomy
surgical removal of only the cancerous tissue with the surrounding margin of normal tissue.
898
lung cancer
a condition in which cancer cells form in the tissues of the lung.
899
Lyme disease (LIME)
a bacterial infection caused by a spirochete belonging to the genus Borrelia burgdorferi.
900
lymph node dissection
a surgical procedure in which all of the lymph nodes in a major group are removed to determine or slow the spread of cancer.
901
lymphadenitis
inflammation of the lymph nodes.
902
lymphadenopathy
any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes.
903
lymphangioma
a benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels.
904
lymphedema
swelling of the tissues due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues.
905
lymphoma
a general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues.
906
lymphoscintigraphy
a diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels.
907
macular degeneration
a gradually progressive condition in which the macula at the center of the retina is damaged, resulting in the loss of central vision.
908
macule
a discolored, flat spot that is less than 1 cm in diameter.
909
magnetic resonance angiography
a specialized MRI study using a contrast medium to locate problems with blood vessels throughout the body.
910
magnetic resonance imaging
an imaging technique that uses a combination of radio waves and a strong magnetic field to create signals that are sent to a computer and converted into images of any plane through the body.
911
malabsorption
a condition in which the small intestine cannot absorb nutrients from the food that passes through it.
912
malaise
a feeling of general discomfort, often the first indication of an infection or disease.
913
malaria
a disease caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes and is transferred to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito.
914
malignant
becoming progressively worse and life-threatening.
915
malignant melanoma
a type of skin cancer that occurs in the melanocytes.
916
malingering
a condition characterized by the intentional creation of false or grossly exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms.
917
malnutrition
a lack of proper food or nutrients in the body, due to a shortage of food, poor eating habits, or the inability of the body to digest, absorb, and distribute these nutrients..
918
mammography
a radiographic examination of the breast to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells.
919
mammoplasty
a cosmetic operation on the breasts.
920
manic behavior
an abnormally elevated mood state, including inappropriate elation, increased irritability, severe insomnia, poor judgment, and inappropriate social behavior.
921
mastalgia
pain in the breast.
922
mastectomy
surgical removal of the entire breast and nipple.
923
mastitis
a breast infection that is caused by bacteria that enter the breast tissue, most frequently during breastfeeding.
924
mastoidectomy
the surgical removal of mastoid cells.
925
mastoiditis
inflammation of any part of the mastoid bone cells.
926
mastopexy
surgery to affix sagging breasts in a more elevated position.
927
maxillofacial surgery
specialized surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries.
928
measles
an acute, highly contagious infection transmitted by respiratory droplets of the rubeola virus.
929
measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination
childhood immunization that can prevent these three viral conditions.
930
meatotomy
a surgical incision made in the urethral meatus to enlarge the opening.
931
megaloblastic anemia
a blood disorder characterized by anemia in which red blood cells are larger than normal.
932
melanin
the pigment that determines the color of the skin.
933
melena
the passage of black, tarry, and foul-smelling stools..
934
Ménière's disease
a rare chronic disorder in which the amount of fluid in the inner ear increases intermittently, causing vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, and tinnitus.
935
meningioma
a common, slowgrowing, and usually benign tumor of the meninges.
936
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord.
937
meningocele
the congenital herniation of the meninges through a defect in the skull or spinal column.
938
menometrorrhagia
excessive uterine bleeding occurring both during the menses and at other irregular intervals.
939
metastasis
the new cancer site that results from the spreading process; also the processes by which cancer is spread.
940
metastasize
to spread from one place to another, as in cancer.
941
metered dose inhaler
a medical device that administers a specific amount of a medication such as a bronchodilator in aerosol form.
942
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
one of several types of bacteria that are now resistant to most antibiotics.
943
metrorrhagia
uterine bleeding between menstrual periods.
944
migraine
a headache characterized by throbbing pain on one side of the head and sometimes preceded by a warning aura.
945
mindfulness meditation
treatment for stress focused on maintaining a calm, constant awareness and acceptance of thoughts and emotions.
946
minimally invasive coronary artery bypass
a bypass procedure performed with the aid of a fiberoptic camera through small openings between the ribs.
947
miosis
the contraction of the pupil.
948
modified radical mastectomy
the surgical removal of the entire breast and axillary lymph nodes under the adjacent arm.
949
Mohs surgery
a technique used to treat various types of skin cancer by removing layers of cancerous tissue until a healthy margin is achieved.
950
molecular breast imaging
a nuclear medicine technique using gamma radiation to detect potential tumors in particularly dense breast tissue
951
monaural testing
involves one ear.
952
monochromatism
the inability to distinguish certain colors in a normal manner.
953
monoclonal antibodies
artificially produced antibodies used to enhance a patient's immune response to certain malignancies.
954
mood-stabilizing drugs
used to treat mood instability and bipolar disorders.
955
morbid obesity
the condition of weighing two or more times the ideal weight or having a body mass index value greater than 40.
956
multiparous
a woman who has given birth two or more times
957
multiple sclerosis
a progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation that causes demyelination of the myelin sheath.
958
mumps
an acute viral infection characterized by the swelling of the parotid glands.
959
muscle biopsy
removal of a plug of tissue with a biopsy needle for examination.
960
muscle tone
the state of balanced muscle tension that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible.
961
muscular dystrophy
a group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles without affecting the nervous system.
962
myalgia
tenderness or pain in the muscles.
963
myasthenia gravis
a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles.
964
mycosis
any abnormal condition or disease caused by a fungus.
965
mydriasis
the dilation of the pupil.
966
mydriatic drops
medication placed into the eyes to produce temporary paralysis forcing the pupils to remain wide open even in the presence of bright light.
967
myelitis
inflammation of the spinal cord; inflammation of bone marrow.
968
myelodysplastic syndrome
a type of cancer in which there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells.
969
myelography
a radiographic study of the spinal cord after the injection of a contrast medium through a lumbar puncture.
970
myeloma
a type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells of the red bone marrow
971
myelopathy
any pathologic change or disease in the spinal cord.
972
myelosis
a tumor of the spinal cord.
973
myocardial infarction
the occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup.
974
myocarditis
inflammation of the myocardium.
975
myocele
the herniation of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it.
976
myoclonus
the sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles
977
myofascial pain syndrome
a chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body.
978
myofascial release
a specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint disorders, and carpal tunnel syndrome.
979
myolysis
the degeneration of muscle tissue.
980
myoma
a benign tumor made up of muscle tissue
981
myomectomy
the surgical removal of uterine fibroids
982
myoparesis
weakness or slight muscular paralysis.
983
myopathy
any pathologic change or disease of muscle tissue.
984
myopia
a defect in which light rays focus in front of the retina; also known as nearsightedness.
985
myoplasty
the surgical repair of a muscle.
986
myorrhaphy
surgical suturing of a muscle.
987
myorrhexis
the rupture or tearing of a muscle.
988
myosarcoma
a malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue.
989
myotomy
a surgical incision into a muscle.
990
myringotomy
a small surgical incision in the eardrum to relieve pressure from excess pus or fluid or to create an opening for the placement of ear tubes.
991
myxedema
a severe form of adult hypothyroidism caused by extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion.
992
narcolepsy
a sleep disorder consisting of sudden and uncontrollable brief episodes of falling asleep during the day.
993
nasogastric intubation
the placement of a tube through the nose and into the stomach.
994
natural immunity
disease resistance without administration of an antigen or exposure to disease, either present at birth or passed on from mother to child through breast milk.
995
naturopathy
a form of alternative medicine emphasizing the healing power of nature and support of the body's own healing ability.
996
nausea
the urge to vomit.
997
nebulizer
an electronic device that pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a mist that is inhaled via a face mask or mouthpiece.
998
necrotizing fasciitis
a severe infection caused by group A strep bacteria.
999
needle breast biopsy
a technique in which an x-ray-guided needle is used to remove small samples of tissue from the breast.
1000
needlestick injury
an accidental puncture wound caused by a used hypodermic needle, potentially transmitting an infection.
