Host Pathogen Interactions (2): Bacteria - Exam I

Question 1

What does NAM stand for?

Answer 1

N-acetylmuramic acid

Question 2

What does NAG stand for?

Answer 2

N-acetylglucosamine acid

Question 3

What does DAP stand for?

Answer 3

Diaminopimelic Acid

Question 4

What makes up the Peptidoglycan Chain is made up of what?

Answer 4

Made up of alternating sequences of NAG and NAM

Question 5

How many amino acids are always hanging from the NAM?

Answer 5

Five

Question 6

What do we use to target the glycosidic link that our body makes?

Answer 6

Lysozyme (controls bacteria from growing out of control, preventing infections, found in saliva and tears)

Question 7

Where does the crosslinking between individual chain occurs?

Answer 7

NAM

Question 8

Pentapeptide means what?

Answer 8

Five amino acids

Question 9

Where do you find DAP?

Answer 9

Gram Negative

Question 10

Is DAP found in Gram Positive Bacteria?

Answer 10

No

Question 11

Individual subunits of NAG and NAM are linked how?

Answer 11

Glycosidic Beta 1-4 Linkage

Question 12

What is a Pentaglycine bridge?

Answer 12

Five Glycine’s, that connects two peptide chains in the peptidoglycan layer of Gram-Positive bacteria. Apart of Linking Process.

Question 13

Where do you find a Pentaglycine bridge?

Answer 13

Gram Positive

Question 14

What allows for the cross linking between two chains in a gram-positive bacterium?

Answer 14

Penicillin Binding Proteins

Question 15

Penicillin Binding Proteins/Enzymes help to…?

Answer 15

Crosslink

Question 16

Where do Beta Lactam Antibiotics target?

Answer 16

Penicillin Binding Proteins/Enzymes

Question 17

What needs to be occurring for the Beta Lactam Antibiotics to be working?

Answer 17

Needs to be growing/replicating (because if it is not growing there are no enzymes to target)

Question 18

Cross linking always occurs at NAG or NAM?

Answer 18

NAM NAM NAM NAM

Question 19

So, if there’s no crosslinking, is it NAG or NAM?

Answer 19

NAG NAG NAG NAG NAG NAG

Question 20

In Gram Positive Bacteria cell walls you will typically find, what?

Answer 20

Teichoic and Teichuronic Acids

Question 21

In Gram Negative Bacteria cell walls you will typically find, what?

Answer 21

Outer Membrane, LPS (endotoxin), Periplasmic Space, Lipoprotein.

Question 22

Teichoic and Teichuronic Acids are found how in the cell walls of Gram Positive Bacteria and what is the importance of that?

Answer 22

Interweaved, meaning that it helps with tensile strength AND helps with porosity.

Question 23

Teichoic and Teichuronic Acids are found also on the surface of Gram-Positive Bacteria serving as Major Surface Antigens, what does this cause?

Answer 23

Major Surface Antigens cause an immune response.

Question 24

Teichoic and Teichuronic Acids can influence what in Gram Positive Bacteria?

Answer 24

Influence Virulence, which refers to the strength of Pathogenicity. Level of causing disease.

Question 25

Teichoic and Teichuronic Acids can help with that in Gram Positive Bacteria?

Answer 25

Can help with attachment. If a germ is able to attach you are likely to get sick versus if a germ cannot attach you are likely to NOT get sick.

Question 26

LPS are found in Gram Positive or Gram-Negative Bacteria?

Answer 26

Gram Negative

Question 27

Define and Explain what LPS is in Gram Negative Bacteria?

Answer 27

Lipopolysaccharide is also known as Endotoxin. It is a Glycolipid Complex, sugars and fats. It can trigger an immune response and inflammation.

Question 28

When someone gets sick from a Gram-Negative Bacteria, what causes the person to experience issues?

Answer 28

LPS (endotoxin)

Question 29

Why is LPS dangerous for those who get infected with a Negative Bacteria?

Answer 29

Because LPS (endotoxin) can lead to shock.

Question 30

What is Lipid A in Gram Negative Bacteria and what does it cause?

Answer 30

When the immune system detects Lipid A, it can trigger a strong inflammatory response. In high concentrations Lipid A can cause septic shock which can be life threatening.

Question 31

Where are Porins found in Gram Negative Bacteria?

Answer 31

Found within the membrane, help to allow nutrients in and nutrients out. Passive diffusion of low molecular weight hydrophilic compounds.

Question 32

Where are Lipoproteins found?

Answer 32

Gram Negative Bacteria, outer membrane. Helps determine how we will treat certain infections.

Question 33

What are the two other names for Glycocalyx is Gram Negative Bacteria?

Answer 33

Capsule or Slime Layer

Question 34

Glycocalyx/Capsule/Slime layer are made up of what?

Answer 34

Made up of many Polysaccharides (many sugars)

Question 35

What do Glycocalyx/Capsule/Slime layer mediate?

Answer 35

Mediate Adherence.

Question 36

What does Glycocalyx/Capsule/Slime Layer protect against and provide?

Answer 36

Protects from Phagocytosis and Antibodies and they protect a barrier.

Question 37

What can Glycocalyx/Capsule/Slime Layer influence?

Answer 37

Virulence, referring to how capable the organism is of causing disease in a host.

Question 38

Streptococcus Pneumoniae is the most common cause of, what?

Answer 38

Community acquired Pneumonia

Question 39

Where can Glycocalyx/Capsule/Slime layer be found?

Answer 39

Both Gram Positive and Gram Negative

Question 40

What are the two components of Appendages in Bacteria?

Answer 40

Pili (Fimbriae) Flagella

Question 41

What does Pili (Fimbriae) help with?

Answer 41

Mediate with Attachment. NOT FOR MOVEMENT.

Question 42

What does Flagella help with?

Answer 42

Mediated motility. Spins clockwise or counterclockwise depending on the chemical detection.

Question 43

Both Pili (Fimbriae) and Flagella can cause an?

Answer 43

Immune Response

Question 44

Why can we use Ribosomes to our advantage?

Answer 44

They are structurally different; therefore, we can use different antibiotics to target them.

Question 45

If Ribosomes were exactly like ours, what would the issue be?

Answer 45

We would have an issue targeting them and treating.

Question 46

What is hard to treat because they are structurally similar to us humans?

Answer 46

Fungi

Question 47

In what type of Bacteria do you find Secretion Systems?

Answer 47

Gram Negative (baby baby to Gram Positive)

Question 48

Why are Secretion Systems important in bacteria?

Answer 48

It provides a certain amount of whatever may be required for the bacteria to function and control its environment. "Molecular Needles" Prevents host from terminating.

Question 49

What are known as "Molecular Needles"?

Answer 49

Secretion Systems

Question 50

Secretion Sytems aid in, what?

Answer 50

Pathogenesis

Question 51

Pseudomonas aeruginosa secretes....what?

Answer 51

Endotoxin A through type II secretion. Being antibiotic resistant it can be hard to treat and commonly found in hospitals.

Question 52

Salmonella sp secretes proteins through, what type of secretion system?

Answer 52

Type III secretion system to prevent phagolysosome fusion, which is basically when they can't be murdered by the body. Bacteria has a happy little home inside your cells.

Question 53

What are the Six Steps of Bacterial Pathogenesis?

Answer 53

1. Entry (Every) 2. Adhesion (Adventure) 3. Invasion (In) 4. Propagation (Protecting) 5. Damage to Host (Dynamic) 6. Progression, Resolution, Chronic (Paths)

Question 54

What is Entry?

Answer 54

However, we come in contact with the bacteria and entered our body. Entry through the air, food, water, and damage to skin.

Question 55

What is Adhesion?

Answer 55

Pili, Fimbriae, Glycocalyx, Biofilm (community of bacteria), gain entry into your cells.

Question 56

What is Invasion?

Answer 56

Can be intracellular or extracellular. Where exactly they invade in the cells.

Question 58

What is propagation?

Answer 58

Refers to the replication and spread of bacteria within the host.

Question 59

What is damage to the host?

Answer 59

Refers to the harm that that the bacteria caused to the host.