Host Pathogen Interactions: Bacteria (EXAM I)

Question 1

Where can you find “Normal Flora”?

Answer 1

Skin, Eyes, Nose and Mouth, GI Tract, Urogenital Tract, Upper and Respiratory System.

Question 2

What are the Microorganisms apart of the “Normal Flora”?

Answer 2

Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses, Protozoans/Helminths

Question 3

What are the functions of the “Normal Flora”?

Answer 3

1 Prevent pathogens from causing infection

#2 Stimulation of the Immune System
#3 Provide nutrients to the host such as vitamin K.

Question 4

Bacteria are classified according to what?

Answer 4

Shape, Gram Staining, Metabolic Requirements, Production of metabolic products and enzymes, Growth characteristic, Serotyping, Genotyping

Question 5

Which Bacteria is Gram Positive?

Answer 5

Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Listeria (Super, Stars, Love)

Question 6

Which Bacteria is Gram Negative?

Answer 6

E. coli, Salmonella, Pseudomonas (Every Salmon Plays)

Question 7

What type of metabolic requirements can Bacteria have?

Answer 7

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic
Fermenters vs. Non-Fermenters

Question 8

What is the Bacterial Morphology for “Coccus”?

Answer 8

Circles “Coccus Circles”

Question 9

What is the Bacterial Morphology for “Bacillus”?

Answer 9

Rod Shaped “Bacillus Bars”

Question 10

What is the Bacterial Morphology for “Coccobacillus”?

Answer 10

Round/Rod

Question 11

What is the Bacterial Morphology for “Fusiform Bacillus”?

Answer 11

Spindle Shaped with Tapered Ends “Fusiform Tapered Rods”

Question 12

What is the Bacterial Morphology for “Vibrio”?

Answer 12

Comma Shaped “Vibrant Comma”

Question 13

What is the Bacterial Morphology for “Spirillum”?

Answer 13

Spiral “Spiraling Spirillum”

Question 14

What is the Bacterial Morphology for “Spirochete”?

Answer 14

“Slinky Spirochete”

Question 15

What is Step 6 of Gram Staining?

Answer 15

Decolorizing with gentle agitation in 30% acetone-alcohol.

Question 16

Gram Negatives have thinner or thicker peptidoglycan layers?

Answer 16

Thinner, that allows for the release of the stain.

Question 17

Gram stain for a “Gram Positive (+)” will be?

Answer 17

Purple

Question 18

Gram stain for a “Gram Negative” will be?

Answer 18

Colorless

Question 19

Aerobic respiration is?

Answer 19

Oxygen serves as the final electron accepter “Oxygen Always Ends”

Question 20

Anaerobic respiration is?

Answer 20

Inorganic compounds serve as the electron acceptor “Anaerobes Inhale Inorganics”

Question 21

What is Facultative anaerobe?

Answer 21

Respire aerobically until oxygen is depleted then fermented

Question 22

What is Coagulase?

Answer 22

Used to differentiate between the different species of Staphylococcus.

Question 23

What is Catalase?

Answer 23

Used to differentiate between the staphylococcus and streptococcus.

Question 24

What is Hemolysis?

Answer 24

Alpha, Beta, Gamma (breakdown of red blood cells)

Question 25

What is Oxidase?

Answer 25

Used to identify bacteria that produces cytochrome C oxidase

Question 26

What are the four distinct phases that describe the changes in the population over time when bacteria are cultured in a closed system?

Answer 26

1. Lag Phase 2. Log Phase 3. Stationary Phase 4. Death Phase

Question 27

What is Log Phase (Exponential Phase)?

Answer 27

This is the phase of rapid cell division and exponential growth.

Question 28

What is Lag Phase?

Answer 28

Bacteria are adapting to their new environment. No new growth.

Question 29

What is the Stationary Phase?

Answer 29

The number of new cells produced are equal to the number of cells that are dying.

Question 30

What is the Death Phase?

Answer 30

Where the number cells that are dying exceeds the number of new cells being produced.

Question 31

The cell wall has alternating molecules of ....?

Answer 31

NAG AND NAM

Question 32

What are NAG and NAM joined by?

Answer 32

Beta 1-4 Link

Question 33

NAM pentapeptide subunits are?

Answer 33

Crosslinked

Question 34

Lysine/diaminopimelic acid are at what spot on NAM pentapeptide subunits?

Answer 34

Third Spot

Question 35

D-alanine is at what spot in the NAM pentapeptide subunits?

Answer 35

Fourth Spot/N Terminus Pentaglycine Bridge

Question 36

What do Beta Lactam antibiotics do?

Answer 36

They prevent crosslinking in replicating bacteria.

Question 37

Infections are a leading cause of....?

Answer 37

Deaths Worldwide

Question 38

The bacterial cell wall is made up of...?

Answer 38

NAG and NAM that are crosslinked by Pentapeptides