Host Response to Infection

Question 1

the study of the immune system and the immune response

Answer 1

immunology

Question 2

any substance capable of inducing an immune response, whether humoral or cell mediated or both

Answer 2

immunogen

Question 3

a substance recognized by the immune system, whether by the b cell or t cell, serves as the target of the immune response but may not necessarily lead to an immune response.

Answer 3

antigen

Question 4

the structure in the antigen that is recognized by the b cell or t cell

Answer 4

epitope

Question 5

a substance that is of low molecular weight that can only induce an immune response if bound to another substance that is already immunogenic

Answer 5

hapten

Question 6

the primary sites of differentiation and maturation of the important cells that play important role in adaptive immunity which are the t lymphocytes and b lymphocytes.

Answer 6

central lymphoid organs

Question 7

the site where blood cells originate

Answer 7

bone marrow

Question 8

central lymphoid organs consists of

Answer 8

bone marrow and thymus

Question 9

peripheral lymphoid organs consists of

Answer 9

the lymph nodes
spleen
mucosa associated lymphoid tissues (malt)

Question 10

50-80 percent of white blood cells

Answer 10

granulocytes

Question 11

approximately 20-40 percent of total white blood cells

Answer 11

lymphocytes

Question 12

3-8 percent of white blood cells

Answer 12

monocytes and macrophages

Question 13

plays a major role in acute inflammation as well as in bacterial infection

Answer 13

neutrophils

Question 14

are the predominant inflammatory cells in viral infections

Answer 14

lymphocytes

Question 15

are predominant in chronic inflammation

Answer 15

macrophages

Question 16

multi-lobed nucleus, pale red and blue cytoplasmic granules

Answer 16

neutrophil

Question 17

bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules

Answer 17

eosinophil

Question 18

bilobed nucleus, purplish black cytoplasmic granules

Answer 18

basophil

Question 19

large spherical nucleus, thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm

Answer 19

lymphocyte

Question 20

kidney-shaped nucleus, abundant pale blue cytoplasm

Answer 20

monocyte

Question 21

it is already active from the time of birth, prior to exposure to an antigen it is non specific

Answer 21

innate immunity or natural immunity

Question 22

it is specific. it is activated after exposure to a particular antigen

Answer 22

adaptive immunity

Question 23

are globulin proteins that react specifically with the antigens that stimulate their production.

Answer 23

antibodies

Question 24

gamma is for

Answer 24

IgG

Question 25

mu is for

Answer 25

IgM

Question 26

alpha is for

Answer 26

IgA

Question 27

delta is for

Answer 27

IgD

Question 28

epsilon is for

Answer 28

IgE

Question 29

a monomer and is the predominant antibody in the secondary immune response and is a major defense against bacteria and viruses.

Answer 29

IgG

Question 30

the largest among the immunoglobulins and is a pentameter

Answer 30

igM

Question 31

the secretory immunoglobulins and is the main immunoglobulin in secretions such as colostrum, saliva, and tears, as well as respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tract secretions.

Answer 31

IgA

Question 32

also called the reaginic antibody. it mediates or anaphylactic hypersensitivity reaction and it provide defense against parasites such as helminths or worms

Answer 32

IgE

Question 33

a monomer that has no known antibody function

Answer 33

IgD

Question 34

components of the cell mediated immune system includes

Answer 34

macrophages natural killer cells helper t cells cytotoxic t cells

Question 35

three main effects of activation of the complement system

Answer 35

lysis of cells generation of inflammatory mediators opsonization leading to enhanced phagocytosis

Question 36

activated by bacterial products such as endotoxin or complexes of immunoglobulins.

Answer 36

alternative or properdin pathway

Question 37

classical pathway activated by antigen antibody complexes

Answer 37

classical pathway

Question 38

activated by specific patterns of sugars found on the bacterial cell wall

Answer 38

mannose binding lectin

Question 39

chemotactic for neutrophils, chemical mediators in inflammation causing vascular leakage or increased vascular leakage or increased vascular permeability

Answer 39

c3a and c5a

Question 40

function as anaphylatoxin, causing degranulation of mast cells and release of histamine

Answer 40

c3a, c4a, c5a

Question 41

cause lysis of the bacterial cell

Answer 41

membrane attack complex (MAC)

Question 42

exaggerated and inappropriate immune responses that lead to tissue injury resulting in harm to the host

Answer 42

hypersensitivity reactions

Question 43

reaction mediated by IgE antibodies

Answer 43

type i: immediate hypersensitivity

Question 44

cytotoxic reaction mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies.

Answer 44

type ii: antibody mediated hypersensitivity

Question 45

represents the vascular events of inflammation which includes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

Answer 45

immediate phase

Question 46

the cellular events of inflammation where the tissues will show infiltration by inflammatory cells which include neutrophils and eosinophils

Answer 46

late phase

Question 47

reaction mediated by immune complexes.

Answer 47

type iii: immune complex mediated hypersensitivity

Question 48

delayed reaction mediated by cellular response.

Answer 48

type iv: cell mediated hypersensitivity

Question 49

the administration of purified antibody in preparations called immune globulins or antibody containing serum

Answer 49

passive immunization

Question 50

involves injection of vaccines prepared from organisms or their products.

Answer 50

active immunization

Question 51

four major group of vaccines

Answer 51

toxoid live attenuated subunit killed inactivated

Question 52

prepared using organisms with limited ability to cause disease

Answer 52

live attenuated vaccines

Question 53

the first vaccine was developed by

Answer 53

Edward jenner

Question 54

the fist live oral polio vaccine was developed by

Answer 54

albert and sabin

Question 55

developed based on the principle that certain diseases are caused by exotoxins produced by the causative agents.

Answer 55

toxoid vaccines

Question 56

refers to vaccines derived from bacterial sources

Answer 56

killed vaccines

Question 57

derived from viruses

Answer 57

inactivated vaccines

Question 58

only a specific antigen or structure on the organism is used

Answer 58

subunit vaccines