How did African Nationalism develop, 1948-59? Flashcards
(24 cards)
In what year was the ANC created?
Why was it created?
1912
Black professionals felt betrayed that blacks had been excluded from political rights when the Union of South Africa was created in 1910 .
What year was the large miner strike? Who played a key role in organising it?
Impact/ what did PM do?
1946, African miners strike- black members of the communist party played a key role in the organisation of some of the actions.
Smuts had to call in military to break the strike.
In which two years were large bus boycotts held? Why was this?
1944, 1949. In attempt to bring the fares down.
When was the ANC youth league created?
How did they change/ what did they bring to the movement?
Name three key members of the ANC Youth League
What ideology did they develop which prioritised the self-determination of the African people?
1944
A more radical attitude.
Oliver Tambo, Walter Sisulu, Nelson Mandela
Africanist ideology
When did the ANC Youth League launch their Programme of Action, why this year?
Why was this different to previous ANC protest against white minority rule?
What was a difference between Afrikaner nationalists and African nationalists?
1949, year after National Party came to power
It was a far more confrontational approach
African nationalists were not significantly motivated by religious ideas
Though believing in no class boundaries for Africanism, where had some of the Youth Leaguers gone?
Why did the Youth League help oust the president of the ANC? Who replaced and when?
What was non-racialism?
Universities (largely Fort Hare)
Was too moderate… found a more sympathetic leader, Luthuli, in 1952.
The inclusion of activists of all races who supported a fully democratic country
What was the two phase revolution?
When was CP banned?
What did Indians/Coloureds do as they weren’t accepted into the ANC itself?
What year was the Liberal Party formed?
Who was the liberal Party suspicious of which meant they didn’t collaborate?
Communist plan: work with African nationalists firsts to get a democratic revolution… then socialist revolution.
1950
formed parallel Congress organisations and became part of the Congress Alliance
1953
The ANC and Communists
What year was the ANC’s defiance campaign?
What was their strategy?
Which two people were appointed volunteerts-in-chief for this?
Who was the defiance campaign influenced by?
Which city had the most support?
1952
For groups of volunteers to break racially based restrictions and risk arrest
Nelson Mandela and the leader of the Indian Congress
Mahatma Gandhi (indian nationalist)
East London in Eastern Cape.
Statistic which shows the extreme poverty which Africans lived in in East London
What month/year did the East London defiance campaign begin in, how many people attended the rally?
37% of babies died in their first year
June 1952, 1,500
How did ANC activists/volunteers dress in subsequent rallies?
Significance of meetings?
What were many protestors sentenced to?
Uniformed (Green black gold)
Police informers gathered evidence to use in courts.
One month with hard labour
Why and when did the movement split
What did the Minister of Justice do after riots broke out in Port Elizabeth?
October, moderates and radical/violent
Banned all public gatherings for a month and sent armed reinforcements to stop meetings
What date did activists in East London decide to go ahead with their “religious gathering”?
How many people were meeting there and how did they react to police?
What did the police then do?
How did youths react?
November 1952
800, threw stones and sticks at them
Order them to disperse (unsuccessfully), claimed a shot was fired and opened fire themselves
They formed small groups to stone police and burn buildings
How many white people were killed as a result of the police shootings?
Why was one of these particularly significant?
What allegation was made about the death of this person?
2
One of them was a nun who was burnt alive when her car was sat on fire
That she was cut up for medicinal purposes
How many Africans died at East London defiance campaign? How many were injured?
What did one policeman later say about the possible number of deaths?
What did the ANC do in response to the incident, why?
7, 18
They said that there may have actually been more deaths than Sharpeville
Called off the defiance campaign nationally.
Why could the defiance campaign be considered a problematic strategy?
Why was the defiance campaign still hugely important for the ANC, give a statistic to support this
It made the leaders of the movement vulnerable as their arrest would disable the movement
Membership went from 4,000 to 100,000
What year were women first allowed to join the ANC?
What year was an ANC woman’s league formed, what did this do to expand the ANC?
What year did the government announce that it would extend the pass laws to women?
What year did they protest outside the pass office in Johannesburg?
1943
1948, incorporated existing women’s organisations into the ANC
1955
1957
Which two government policies helped trigger rural movements in the late 1950s?
Betterment, Bantu authorities
Between which years did the people of Sekhukhuneland try to stop government interference?
Why were people deeply split by attempt to make sekhukhuneland a homeland in the 1950s?
What year did the government depose the paramount chief and have him replaced with men who would cooperate?
Why did people particularly dislike this?
How many of those who were seen as government collaborators been beaten or stabbed to death by the following year?
What else did people do to collaborators?
1957-58
Many of the men from here were migrant workers- they were very opposed to homelands as it made everything around their urban employment more difficult.
1957
He had been trying to protect the interests of migrant workers and rural families
9
Burnt their houses
What was the Congress of The People Campaign, what year was it written and by which organisation?
What was the name of this document?
What did it essentially call for?
What support did it help garner, as it echoed the language of freedom movements in other parts of the world?
List of beliefs put together by Congress Alliance in 1955 with thousands of SA suggestions.
The Freedom Charter
A fully democratic South Africa
International support
Which ideas from which two organisations did the ANC essentially combine?
the Africanist ideas of the Youth League, the non-racial approach of the combined Congress Alliance
What was the name of the regular newsletter published Africanists, as they tried to maintain their distinct political identity?
What phrase/idea did their newsletter regularly use?
Who was one of their leaders?
the Africanist
“Africa for the Africans”
Teachers
Robert Sobukwe
Name three ways that the Africanists differed from the rest of the ANC
They believed that Africa should belong to Africans and therefore didn’t adopt the Freedom Charter
They developed more Pan-Africanist ideas and wanted to “strive… for a United States of Africa”
They wanted more confrontational direct action
What year was the split between the Africanists and the rest of the ANC?
Why did this split first occur?
What/who helped fully divide this split?
1958
The leadership of the ANC in the Transvaal was re-elected without debate as the leaders were too occupied with the treason trial to stand for election, Leballo protested and was expelled from the ANC
Luthuli compared the narrow African nationalism of Africanists to tribalism and Sobukwe and nationalists walked out
What year did the Africanists form the Pan-African Congress?
From who did they read out telegrams of support?
Give two reasons why the government may have allowed the PAC to organise freely (which the ANC believed)
Why was one of these reasons incorrect?
1959,
Government leaders in independent Ghana and Guinea
It was keen to split the nationalist movement, hoped that the PAC’s views would be closer to “separate development”
The PAC was hostile to the division of South Africa into Banutustans
