How do we speak, hear and make music Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
undulating displacement of molecules caused by changing pressure
A
sound wave
2
Q
one complete peak and valley on a air pressure- time graph (sine wave) is the change from?
A
from one maximum or minimum air pressure level of the sound wave to the next maximum or minimum level
3
Q
healthy young adult range of frequency of sounds waves we hear
A
20-20 000 hz
4
Q
____ corresponds to our perception of pitch
A
frequency
5
Q
name 3 animals with extensive frequency ranges
A
whales, dolphins, dogs
6
Q
the magnitude of change in air molecules density
A
amplitude
7
Q
what amplitude is in audible to humans
A
0 dB
8
Q
soft sound = __ dB
loud sound = __ dB
normal talking= __ dB
A
20 dB
70 dB
40 dB
9
Q
human nervous system evolved to be sensitive to ___ sounds
A
soft
10
Q
rock bands play music at what dB
A
120 -135 ish
11
Q
sounds with a single frequency
A
pure tones
12
Q
sounds with a mixture of frequencies
A
complex tones
13
Q
the rate at which the complex wave form pattern repeats
A
fundemental frequency
14
Q
Set of higher-frequency sound waves that vibrate at whole- number (integer) multiples of the fundamental frequency
A
overtones
15
Q
what is a key feature of complex tones
A
periodicity: the fundamental frequency repeats at regular intervals
16
Q
sounds that are aperiodic or random
A
noise
17
Q
the fundemental frequency and overtones make up
A
the complex tone
18
Q
auditory system converts the physical properties of sound wave energy to?
A
electrochemical neural activity that travels to the brain
19
Q
sounds are products of the
A
brain
20
Q
we can detect the displacement of sir molecules of about how many picometers
A
10 picometers (10-11m)
21
Q
each frequency change in air pressure (different sound wave) stimulates?
A
different neurons in the auditory system
22
Q
Your ____ interprets sounds to obtain information about events in your environment, and it analyzes a sound’s meaning
A
brain
23
Q
____ and ____ both convey meaning and evoke emotion
A
language and music
24
Q
___ temporal lobe analyzes speech for meaning
____ temporal lobe analyzes musical sounds for meaning
A
- left
- right
25
_____ facilitates communication
language
26
____ helps us to regulate our emotions and affect the emotions of others
music
27
Nonspeech and nonmusical noise produced at a rate of about five segments per second is perceived as a ____
buzz
28
Normal speed of speech is on the order of ___to___ segments per second
8-10
29
We are capable of understanding speech at nearly ___ segments per second
--> why is this amazing?
30
| - it exceeds the auditory system ability to transmit all the speech segments as separate piecies of info
30
a distinct unit of sound
sound segment
31
the auditory system has a mechanism for categorizing sounds as the same despite small differences in _____
pronunciation
32
what is a contributing factor to why it is hard to learn a language later in life
we hear variations of a sound as if they were identical despite different pronunciation
33
the loudness or amplitude of a sound wave are ?
subjective
| very loud to some ppl but not loud to others
34
position of each tone on a musical scale; frequency of the sound wave (property of music)
pitch
35
Defined as the fundamental frequency (rate at which the pattern repeats), regardless of timbre (property of music)
pitch
36
The timbre of a sound, regardless of pitch (property of music)
quality
37
what are the 4 properties of music?
loudness, pitch, prosody, quality
38
is the note "C" perceived the same when played on a guitar vs a piNO
YES (even though the timbre is different)
39
what brain region extracts pitch from sound, whether speech or music
right temporal lobe
40
in speech ____ contributes to the perceived melodic tone of a voice or prosody
pitch
41
ear collects _____ form the surrounding air and converts mechanical energy into ______
sound waves, electrochemical neural energy
42
auditory system is routed through the ____ to the ___
brain stem to the auditory cortex
43
the auditory system is structures to decode ____, ______ and ______
frequency, amplitude and complexity
44
the human brain has a way larger cerebrum, temporal lobe and way more sulci
just a pic saying it marked the expansion of the auditory areas in humans
45
3 main parts of the ear
outer ear, middle ear, inner ear
46
outer ear is made of the ___ and the _____
pinna and external ear canal
47
Funnel-like external structure designed to catch sound waves in the surrounding environment and deflect them into the ear canal
pinna
48
Amplifies sound waves somewhat and directs them to the eardrum, which vibrates in accordance with the frequency of the sound wave
external ear canal
49
air filtered chamber that comprises the ossicles
middle air
50
bones in the middle ear
3 ossicles:
| hammer, anvil, stirrup
51
Connects the eardrum to the oval window of the cochlea, located in the inner ear
stirrup
52
inner ear consists of? (4)
1. cochlea
2. basilar membrane
3. hair cells
4. tectorial membrane
53
Fluid-filled inner ear structure that contains the auditory receptor cells
cochlea
54
what structure contains the auditory receptor cells and the cells that support them
organ of corti in the cochlea
55
Receptor surface in the cochlea that transduces sound waves to neural activity
basilar membrane
56
sensory neurons in the cochlea tipped by the cilia
hair cells
57
what happens when hair cells are stimulated by waves n the cochlear fluid ?
outer hair cells generate graded potentials in inner cells, which act as the auditory receptor cells
58
Membrane overlying hair cells
tectorial membrane
59
In a chain reaction, the waves traveling through the cochlear fluid bend the ____ and _____ membranes, and the bending membranes stimulate the ____ at the tips of the outer and inner hair cells
- basilar
- tectorial
- cilia
60
what are the only hair cells that respond to frequencies of sound
inner hair cells
61
what hair cells tighten and release the tectoral membrane
outer hair cells
62
do we have more outer or inner hair cells
way more outer
outer: 12 000
inner: 3500
63
sound waves produce a traveling wave that moves along the ____
basilar membrane
64
the basilar membrane responds differently to different frequencies:
_____ fruencies cause maximum displacement near the base of the membrane,
______ frequencies caused maximum displacement near the membranes apex
- fast wave
| - slow wave
65
the basilar membrane near the oval window is maximally affected by frequencies of??
as high as 20 000 hz (the upper limit of our hearing range)
66
the most effective frequencies at the membranes apex register less then??
100 Hz, closer to our lower limit of 20 Hz
67
if inner hair cells get damaged do they regenerate?
NO
68
what stimulates hair cells via a bending shearing action
movement of the basilar membrane
69
what changes the membrane potential and alters NT release
movement of cilia on hair cells
70
if you have intact outer hairs cells but no inner hair cells
you are effectively deaf
| - can perceive only very low frequency and ver loud senses via the somatosensory system
71
outer hair cells are stimulated by ____ and they sharpen the cochleas ___ power. They send a message to the ____________ and receive a reply that causes cells to _____ on the tectorial membrane
sound waves
resolving
brainstem auditory areas
alter tension
72
the ___ helps hair cells to construct an auditory world
brain
73
they adaptively respond to the environment like a reflex to then adjust the membrane a protect the inner ear
outer hair cells
74
inner hair cells are stimulated by ____, movement of the ____ toward the tallest cilia _______ the cell, causing an ___ influx and release of ____, which stimulates cells that form the ____
```
sound waves
cilia
depolarizes
Ca++
NT
auditory nerve
```
75
movement of cilia toward shortest cilia =
hyperpolarizes the cell resulting in less NT release
76
movement of cilia to detect sound wave
0.3nm
77
inner hair cells synapse on ____ cells that form the auditory nerve (pat of the 8th cranial nerve, which governs hearing and balance), cochlear nerve axons enter the brainstem at the level of the ___ and synapse in the ____ nucleus
- bipolar
- medulla
- cochlear
78
cochlear nucleus projects to the ____ and the _____ and connects with both side of the brain
superior olive and trapezoid body
79
the cochlear nucleus and the superior olive send projections the __ in the ___
inferior colliculus in the dorsal midbrain
80
inferior colliculus goes tot he medial geniculate nucleus in the thalamus
- ______ region of the MGN projects to the primary auditory cortex A1
- _____ region of the MGN projects to auditory cortical regions adjacent to area A1
- ventral
| - dorsal
81
2 distinct pathways of the auditory system (like in the visual system)
- what are they for?
--- One is for identifying objects by their sound characteristics. – The other is for directing our movements by the sounds we hear.
82
A1 lies within _______ surrounded by secondary cortical areas A2 (planum temporale)
heschi's gyrus
83
the cortex of the left planum forms the speech zones called
wernickes area
84
The cortex of the larger, right-hemisphere Heschl’s gyrus has a special role in
analyzing music
85
Analysis of speech takes place largely in the ____ hemisphere
Analysis of musical sounds takes place largely in the ____ hemisphere
left
| right
86
what percent of left handers have their speech represented in the right hemisphere
30%
87
Insula: Located within the lateral fissure; multifunctional cortical tissue containing regions related to ? (3)
language, to the perception of taste, and to the neural structures underlying social cognition
88
damage to insula can cause disturbances in both ?
langauge and taste
