How Genes Direct The Producton Of Proteins (Exam III)

Question 1

Cells achieve their specialized function based upon the expression of _______ and any subsequent ____ of the resulting proteins

Answer 1

Specific genes
Post-translational modifications

Question 2

What is degraded more quickly DNA or RNA, and why

Answer 2

RNA
Because it undergoes nucleophilic attack of the ribose moiety

Question 3

What degrade RNA very quickly

Answer 3

Ribonuclease

Question 4

In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes you can have adjacent genes that get transcribed

Answer 4

In opposed directions

Question 5

A segment of DNA that is transcribed into RNA and its associated transcriptional control regions

Answer 5

Gene

Question 6

Transcriptional control regions of genes and RNA

Answer 6

Promotor regions

Question 7

The type of RNA that is translated into proteins

Answer 7

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 8

The type of RNA that are important in transfer of amino acids to the growing peptide chain

Answer 8

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 9

Most abundant form of RNA

Answer 9

Ribsosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 10

Form of RNA that encodes ribosomal proteins

Answer 10

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 11

What form of RNA that blocks translation on specific mRNAs and thereby regulate gene expression

Answer 11

MicroRNA (miRNA)

Question 12

What form of RNA turns off gene expression by directing the selective degradation of mRNAs

Answer 12

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)

Question 13

What is the form of RNA that process and chemically modify rRNAs

Answer 13

Small nucleolar RNA (snoRNAs)

Question 14

What form of RNA modify snoRNAs and snRNAs

Answer 14

Small cajal RNAs (scaRNA)

Question 15

Involved in telomere synthesis, X-chromosome inactivation and protein transport into the ER

Answer 15

Other non coding RNAs

Question 16

Make up abut 80% of all RNAs in the cell

Answer 16

Ribosomal RNAs (rRNA)

Question 17

Abundance of tRNA in the cell

Answer 17

15%

Question 18

Abundance of mRNA in the cell

Answer 18

3-5%

Question 19

All RNAs have to be transcribed from a

Answer 19

Gene in the genome

Question 20

In eukaryotic organisms most protein coding genes are transcribed by

Answer 20

RNA polymerase II

Question 21

When you see RNA polymerase II think:

Answer 21

Protein coding

Question 22

Transcription always starts at a ______ point in the DNA and requires unwinding of the DNA to creat the proper single-stranded template

Answer 22

Specific

Question 23

Gene expression is regulated by numerous transcription factors that interaction with _____ in DNA and/or proteins bound to these regions

Answer 23

Promoter elements

Question 24

The presence/absence of specific factors is an obligatory first step in the initiation of ______ bindign and subsequent RNA polymerase binding

Answer 24

TBP/TFIID

Question 25

A very important sequence of the 5’ side (start site) of transcription

Answer 25

TATA box

Question 26

Transcription starts at (what base)

Answer 26

Base 1

Question 27

TATA Box is rich in

Answer 27

Thymine and and adenine (maybe thymadine)

Question 28

The TAT box will bind a very important transcription factor called:

Answer 28

TBP and TFIID (transcription factor IID)

Question 29

The dimer that TATA box binds to is composed of

Answer 29

TBP and TFIID

Question 30

The TATA box localized the dimer protein (TBP TFIID) to position itself relative to the start of transcription through

Answer 30

the binding of TBP to the TATA box

Question 31

Following the TATA box binding TBP and positioning it, this allows _____ to bind and position itself

Answer 31

TFIID

Question 32

After positioning the TBP and TFIID factor properly:

Answer 32

TFIIB comes in and postitions itself

Question 33

The binding and positioning of TFIIB leads to the recruitment of

Answer 33

A bunch of other factors

Question 34

Once the TATA box has bound TBP and TBP allows for the correcting positioning of TFIID and TFIID allows for the correct positioning of TFIIB and TFIIB recruits all the other important factors/molecules, this will allows for the correct positioning of

Answer 34

RNA Polymerase II

Question 35

It is important that RNA polymerase II positions itself

Answer 35

Around the DNA molecule in the proper place

Question 36

The RNA polymerase should be bound on the DNA so that the start site of transcription will occur at:

Answer 36

Nucleotide 1

Question 37

The TATA box is located:

Answer 37

Left to the start site of transcription (-15 to -25 to the start site)

Question 38

Once the RNA Polymerase II has bound there is a _____ that wraps around the DNA

Answer 38

CTD (cytoplasmic tail domain)

Question 39

A couple of ______ reactions occur on the cytoplasmic tail domain of the RNA polymerase II

Answer 39

Phosphorylation

Question 40

The phosphorylation reactions on the CTD of the RNA polymerase II leads to the

Answer 40

Disassembly of a lot of these general transcription factors

Question 41

When we have the disassembly of most of the general transcription factors caused by phosphorylation reactions on CTD this allows for _____ activity and a _____ that is ready to go

Answer 41

Helicase RNA polymerase

Question 42

Inside the binding pocket of the RNA polymerase, what is functioning

Answer 42

Helicase

Question 43

The RNA polymerase is adding ________ to the growing transcript through the uptake channel

Answer 43

Ribonucleoside triphosphates

Question 44

On the growing mRNA transcript, the 5’ ______ is connecting to the 3’ ______

Answer 44

5’ Phosphate 3’ hydroxyl

Question 45

RNA is NOT just a _____ because it can fold back on itself and basepair

Answer 45

Linear molecule

Question 46

Key transcription factor TFIID is made of

Answer 46

TBP subunit + TAF subunit

Question 47

The TBP subunit of TFIID recognizes

Answer 47

TATA box

Question 48

The TAF subunit of TFIID recognizes other ____ sequences near the transcription start points and regulates DNA-binding by _____

Answer 48

DNA sequence TBP

Question 49

The TFIIB recognizes the ____ element in promotors

Answer 49

BRE

Question 50

The TFIIB accurately positions _________ at the start site of transcription

Answer 50

RNA polymerase II

Question 51

What element is important for accurately positioning the RNA polymers at the transcriptional start site

Answer 51

BRE

Question 52

All of the RNA Polymerases have a preference for the types of genes that they bind RNA polymerase I: RNA polymerase II: RNA polymerase III:

Answer 52

RNA polymerase I: rRNA genes RNA polymerase II: Protein-coding genes, snoRNA genes, miRNA genes, siRNA genes and most snRNA genes RNA polymerase III: tRNA genes

Question 53

Capping, splicing, editing, polyadenylation and transport are all

Answer 53

mRNA processing events

Question 54

The guanisine cap is added to the

Answer 54

5’ end of the mRNA

Question 55

In protein coding gene, there is an addition of a poly-A tail added to the 3’ end of the mRNA - this is called

Answer 55

Polyadenylation

Question 56

Transport of mRNA involves the movement out of the _____ and into the ____

Answer 56

Nucleus Cytoplasm

Question 57

Linear coding sequence is made up of all of the _____ that have been added together

Answer 57

Exons

Question 58

In mRNA processing, the 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions get:

Answer 58

Kept in the linear sequence

Question 59

Splicing occurs by a complex of RNA and protein molecules collectively known as the

Answer 59

Splicesome

Question 60

The splicesome is largely made up of _______ in a complex with _____ protein subunits to form an SNP

Answer 60

SnRNAs 7

Question 61

The snRNAs provide proper base pairing with the mRNA so that the protein complex within them is:

Answer 61

Positioned correctly

Question 62

If the mRNA is not spliced correctly, the their may be the presence of either (2)

Answer 62

Extra nucleotides that will get translated Missing exons

Question 63

Splicing will take the ____ end of exon 1 and attach it to the ____ end of exon 2

Answer 63

3’ 5’

Question 64

The splicing process initially involves the formation of a:

Answer 64

Lariat

Question 65

The formation of a lariat involves a particular _____ residue in the intron sequence that undergoes a ____ attack at the junction between an intron and exon to create a loop structure

Answer 65

Adenosine Nucleophilic

Question 66

The loop structure created in the initial steps of the splicing mechanism ultimately is the portion that:

Answer 66

Gets spliced out

Question 67

Splicing requires very specific sequences that are at:

Answer 67

The junction of the intron and exon

Question 68

Initiates the formation of a lariat structure

Answer 68

Adenosine residue

Question 69

The sequences important for where splicing will occur are located in the

Answer 69

Introns

Question 70

An example of a highly spliced gene

Answer 70

Alpha-tropomysoin gene

Question 71

The tropomysoin gene has dozens of different splice variants that all give rise to a different tropomyosin protein that is a ______ from one form to the next, therfore it will behave slightly different

Answer 71

Isoform

Question 72

Both the 5’ cap and splicing of the primary mRNA transcript occur as:

Answer 72

The transcript starts to emerge from the RNA polymerase

Question 73

Following the addition of the 5’ cap and the splicing of the primary mRNA transcript, a _______ is added to the 3’ end of the mRNA

Answer 73

Poly-A tail

Question 74

The poly-A tail is not added until the mRNA transcript:

Answer 74

Completely emerges from the RNA polymerase

Question 75

Once the mRNA is mature, it is then exported from the nucleus through a specific export-mediated process to the _______ and then into the _______ where protein synthesis will occur

Answer 75

Cytoplasm Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 76

A very important regulator of mRNA

Answer 76

MicroRNA (miRNA)

Question 77

Changes in miRNA behavior have been linked to:

Answer 77

Disease in human

Question 78

Small non-coding RNAs about 21-25 nucleotides long

Answer 78

MicroRNAs (miRNAs)

Question 79

MicroRNAs principally bind the the _____ of the target mRNA

Answer 79

3’ UTR (Untranslated region)

Question 80

When a microRNA (miRNA) binds to the 3’ UTR of the target mRNA it forms an:

Answer 80

RNA-inducing silencing complex (RISC)

Question 81

Suppress protein synthesis and/or reduce mRNA degradation (Ultimately regulation of mRNA by miRNA)

Answer 81

RNA-inducing silencing complex (RISC)

Question 82

The enzyme that functions to clip the bulge in pre-miRNA in order to create mature miRNA

Answer 82

Dicer

Question 83

Regulation of miRNA biogenesis is an important target being looked at in:

Answer 83

The control of many diseases

Question 84

3 bases are required to code for:

Answer 84

A single amino acid

Question 85

The 3 base sequence that codes an amino acid

Answer 85

Codon

Question 86

The genetic code is ______ for all organisms (essentially the same)

Answer 86

Universal

Question 87

Important features of the genetic code (4)

Answer 87

1- “commaless” 2- degenerate 3- third base in codon is less specific than first two 4- 3 out of the 64 possible codons do not signal for amino acids but instead for termination

Question 88

How many possible codons signal the 20 amino acids

Answer 88

64

Question 89

How many codons signal for termination

Answer 89

3

Question 90

Prenatal growth retardation (mild to severe), craniofacial abnormalities such as microcephalic and cleft lip/palate and limb malformations are all potential effects of

Answer 90

Roberts syndrome

Question 91

Homozygous mutation of ESCO2 causes what disease

Answer 91

Roberts disease

Question 92

The homozygous mutation in ESCO2 encodes a ______ important for the formation of the cohesion complex that binds to chromosomes and creates cohesion between sister chromatids

Answer 92

Acetyltransferase

Question 93

If you dont make enough/transcribe enough ribosomal genes that can lead to defects in

Answer 93

Protein synthesis

Question 94

Ribosomal biogenesis is extremely important and if not properly regulated can lead to

Answer 94

Numerous problems and defects