How we decide to move - Chap. 2

Question 1

What is the order of the information processing approach

Answer 1

-input
-stimulus identification
-response selection
-movement/response programming
-output

Question 2

what needs to happen before any action can be taken

Answer 2

information processing
stimulus identification, response selection, response programming

Question 3

what is reaction time

Answer 3

the time it takes from the presentation of a stimulus and the occurence of a response to it
-whatever processing needs to be done before mvoement occurs

Question 4

what are the 3 stages of reaction time

Answer 4

-stimulus identification
-response selection
-movement programming

Question 5

what is the first stage of reaction time and give a definition

Answer 5

stimilus identification
-process of picking out a particular sitmulus among many stimuli which may be present

Question 6

what is the idea behing the information processing approach

Answer 6

-stages non-overlapping
-all processing in a given stage is completed before passing on to the next

Question 7

stimulus identification stage of reaction time is primarily what type of stage

Answer 7

a sensory stage

Question 8

what is the second stage of reaction time and it answers what question

Answer 8

response selection
-what should i do?

Question 9

give definition of response selection

Answer 9

deciding what response to make, given the nature of the situation and environment

Question 10

what type of stage is response selection in reaction time

Answer 10

a transition stage between sensory input (stimulus identification) and movement output (movement programming)

Question 11

what is the final stage of reaction time and give definition

Answer 11

movement programming
-organizing the motor system to make the desired movement

Question 12

what are the general tasks of the movement programming stage must complete before any movement can occur

Answer 12

-ready lower-level mechanisms in brainstem and spinal cord for action
-retrieve and organize a motor program that will eventually control the movement

Question 13

what type of stage is the mvoement programming of reaction time

Answer 13

motor type

Question 14

what is the measurement of reaction time

Answer 14

speed and effectiveness of decision making

Question 15

what 3 thigns are reaction time important for

Answer 15

sports
safety
theoretical understanding

Question 16

what is the period of time of reaction time

Answer 16

starts when stimulus is first presented and ends when movment response starts

Question 17

what is movement time

Answer 17

time that is taken to complete a movement

Question 18

what is response time

Answer 18

reaction time and movement time together
-the time it takes to process the stimulus and decide on a response and how long it takes for the movement to occur

Question 19

what are 3 factors that influence reaction time and desicion making

Answer 19

-number of stimulus
-response compatibility
-anticipation

Question 20

an increased number of stimulus present makes what stage of reaction time harder

Answer 20

the simtulus identification stage

Question 21

what is the definition of hicks law

Answer 21

the more options that are available to a person, the longer it will take for them to make a decision about which option is the best

Question 22

give hicks law definition when it coems to reaction time

Answer 22

reaction time increases everytime response options doubled in a predictable manner

Question 23

what is choice reaction time

Answer 23

performer must choose one response from a subset of possible predetermined movements
-2 or mroe stimulus
-2 or more responses

Question 24

definition of foreperiod

Answer 24

interval between a warning stimulus and the imperative stimulus

Question 25

what is simple reaction time

Answer 25

reactoin time of only one present stimulus -1 stimulus 1 response -fastest reaction time

Question 26

donders work is based off of what idea

Answer 26

that the time between stimulus and response is occupied by a train of successive processes (stages) -each one begins only when the preceding one has ended

Question 27

why does donders stages of processing doesnt work perfectly

Answer 27

assumes that the stages are cereal

Question 28

what is the first stage of donders processing

Answer 28

Tyep - A -stimulus detection only (simple reaction time)

Question 29

what is the second stage of donders processing

Answer 29

Type C -stimulus detection -stimulus identification (discriminate RT, GO NO GO reaction)

Question 30

what is the third stage of donders processing

Answer 30

Type B -stimulus detection -stimulus identification -response selection (choice RT)

Question 31

based off of donders stages, how do you find the time for stimlus identification in a discrimination task

Answer 31

subtract the simple RT from the discriminate RT???

Question 32

based off of donders stages, how do you find the response selection from a choice task

Answer 32

subtract the choice RT from the discriminate RT??

Question 33

what is hicks law in equation form

Answer 33

Choice RT = a + b log2(N) a=RT-intercept b=RT-slope N=stimulus-response alternatives

Question 34

what does the hicks law in equation form imply

Answer 34

that choice RT increases a constant amount every time the number of stimulus-response alternatives is doubled

Question 35

Hicks law says that choice RT is linearly related to what

Answer 35

the amount of info that must be processed tor resolve the uncertainty about the various possible stimulus-response alternatives

Question 36

what are 5 factors that influence reaction time

Answer 36

-population stereotypes -practice/expertise -anticipation -preparation -stimulus response compatability

Question 37

what is stimulus response compatability

Answer 37

extent to which the stimulus and the response it evokes are connected in a natural way

Question 38

what is the opposite of stimulus response compatibility

Answer 38

stimulus response incompatbility

Question 39

for a given number of stimulus response alternatives, how does increasing the stimulus compatability affect choice reaction time

Answer 39

decreases it

Question 40

what is population stereotypes

Answer 40

type of population stereotypes -act habitually due to specific cultural learning -learned association

Question 41

what 2 major factors does research show that affect choice RT

Answer 41

-nature or amount of practice (or both) -stimulus response caompatability

Question 42

practice has a larger effect on simple or choice reaction time and why

Answer 42

choice rt -practice reduces the steepness of the increase in RT as the number of stimulus response alternatives increases

Question 43

why is anticipation a factor that can help decrease ones reaction time

Answer 43

knowing what to expected or what you must do, allows one to organize movements in advance -completing some or all of the information processing activities usually conducted during response selection or moveming programming stage

Question 44

what are teh 2 types of anticipation

Answer 44

spatial and temporal

Question 45

what is temporal anticipation

Answer 45

ability to predict timing of forthcoming sensatinos and actions

Question 46

what is spatial anticipation

Answer 46

ability to predict direction of forthcoming sensations and actions

Question 47

definition of anticpation

Answer 47

way performers try to overcome the delaysw

Question 48

definition of preperation

Answer 48

organize movements in advance

Question 49

experts have a large advantage over novices in what

Answer 49

perceptual anticipation

Question 50

how to obtain time for stimulus identification during a type c (choice) task

Answer 50

subtract choice reaction time from simple reaction time

Question 51

how to obtain time for response selection in the discriminator task

Answer 51

subtract the discrimintor reaction time from the choice reaction tme

Question 52

why is it so easy to false start in a 100m sprint race

Answer 52

if a racers reaction time to the go noise is less than 100ms (which may happen to those who practice a lot and get a quicker response time) that is considered a false start -as well as the startle effect

Question 53

what is the physiology of the startle effect

Answer 53

when a go signal is loud enough (around 100db) -instead of initiating movement from motor cortex -initiates it from brain stem pathways -activating movement closer to actual muscles (pathway is faster)

Question 54

factor that affects the capability to predict effectively

Answer 54

regularity of the event

Question 55

what are the disadvantages of anticipation

Answer 55

-when anticipated action is not what actually happens -can cause more processing activities needing to be done and a longer delay

Question 56

what is the advantage of anticipation from a motor control percpective

Answer 56

it allows various information processing activities to take place in advance so they do not have to occur after the reaction stimulus is presented

Question 57

what memory system is very brief - lots of information

Answer 57

short term sensory store

Question 58

what memory system is this, temporary - requires rehearsal

Answer 58

short term memory

Question 59

what memory system is this, long lasting - lots of infor

Answer 59

long term memory

Question 60

what is the briefest of all memories

Answer 60

short term sensory store

Question 61

what do we rely on our short term sensory store for

Answer 61

all our daily activities whenever we see, hear or feel things

Question 62

the short term sensory store is responsible fore storing what

Answer 62

vast amounts of sensory info only long enough for some of it to be abstracted and further processed

Question 63

what do they call the short term sensory store

Answer 63

a brief holding cell for sensory info -not considered to be sustained by attention

Question 64

researchers sometimes call short term memoru wjat

Answer 64

working memor

Question 65

what is short term memory

Answer 65

a temporary holding place for info -unless information repeated, will be lost from memory in a short period of time

Question 66

what does long term memory contain

Answer 66

very well learned info that has been collected over a lifetime

Question 67

how much can be stored in long term memor

Answer 67

limitless in capacity -such info may never be forgotten

Question 68

why do they say that info can still be in long term memory even if there is an apparent loss of inof

Answer 68

may just be due to a temporary inaccessibility of the stored info -memory is still there but the retrieval of it posed a problem