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Motor Control - 2700 > Motor Programs - Chap. 5 > Flashcards

Motor Programs - Chap. 5 Flashcards

1
Q

generalized motor program can account for what common observation

A

that movements can be varied along certain dimensions
-slower, faster, louder, softer etc.

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2
Q

what are degrees of freedom

A

the multiple ways for one to perform a movement to achieve the same goal

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3
Q

what is the degrees of freedom problem

A

since there are so many ways for one to performa a movement to acheive the same goal, it leaves us with the question of how the brian chooses a course of these actions among infinite ones

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4
Q

what is the important concept of a motor program

A

the prestructured set of movement commands that defines and shapes the movement

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5
Q

what kind of control mechanism is in some ways the opposite of the closed loop system

A

open-loop control

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6
Q

whta are the 2 parts that the basic open loop system consists of

A

an executive and effector

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7
Q

define open-loop system

A

type of control systmem in which the output has no influence or effect on the control action of the input signal
-no feedback for the ouput

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8
Q

how is a traffic light an example of an open loop system

A

there is a preset structure of timing and command that lets traffic move (when ligths change)
-this program can be updated and may be depending on time of day
-it is not entirely fixed but modifiable
-whenever the action of changing lights is being executed, it is bound to reset the commands

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9
Q

what are 5 aspects that needs to be programmed once you know which target one is going to

A

-which muscle to contract
-coordinated action
-what order needs to be activated in
-when
-for how long

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10
Q

with practice, a motor program can become what 4 thigns

A

-able to modulate reflexes
-variable error (how consistent)
-more precise
-stable for a longer period (can not practice for a while, come back and still be able to perform)

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11
Q

in the resonse programming stage, what are 4 things the CNS needs to organize before a movement can begin

A
  • figure out degrees of freedom
    -commands
    -any postural adjustments
    -modulate any reflex pathways
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12
Q

when it comes to degrees of freedom, 792 muslces x 100 joints = qhat

A

too many options

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13
Q

because there are too many degrees of freedom, how do we program movements

A

think in actions
-organize the degrees of freedom into a single unit rather than individually
-action = motor program

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14
Q

what are 5 commands a motor program will send to the muscles

A

-which muscles involved
-the order need to be activated
- the forces needed
-the relative timing
-the duration of each contraction

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15
Q

ultimately, in a motor program, sending commands to the muscles is to prepare what

A

patterns of neural activity

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16
Q

what are the phases in the step cycle

A
  1. swing phase
  2. stance phase
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17
Q

what is the reflex reversal phenomenon when it comes to the step cycle

A

when walking and there is an obstacle on the ground
-already in stance phse
-weight down on foot instead of withdrawing (still a reflex)
-helps get on to next leg faster and protects from buckling and falling

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18
Q

what hekps modulate the reflex reversal response

A

CPGs in the spinal cord
(central pattern generators)

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19
Q

what does a motor program consist of to do what (simple)

A

pattern neural activity that creates coordination and sends this information out to the effectors

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20
Q

what is the consensus on the existence of motor programs

A

not everyone agrees that they exist

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21
Q

what are 5 evidences that motor programs exist

A

-reaction time
-startle stimuli
-cases where sensory feedback removed
-what happens when humans attempt to stop
-muscle response patterns when movement is blocked

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22
Q

when an individual is performing a task and they knew what movement needed to be done what does the informaioto processing look liek

A

no response selection needed, jsut need to finish programming response

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23
Q

how is reaction time evidence for motor programs

A

study compared 3 conditions
1. simple finger lift
2. simple finger liftt and reach to slap ball pre
3. finger lift reach to slap ball and press button and grasp ball
(always simple reaction time)
-found that RT gets longer when response become more complex
**evidence because response programming staege is longer when more complex response to perform

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24
Q

how is the startle effect evidence for motor programming

A

no prep or response programming
-no reason that allowed stimulus to cause us to move faster
-able to speed up response
-regardless of if whole executive is bypassed or if everything is done faster

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25
Q

how are cases of sensory feedbakc being removed evidence for motor programming

A

when removed, we can still produce movement
-if theres no central motor program, this should cause us to not be able to move

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26
Q

in an open-loop control, it consists of what 2 main features used in closed loop control and what is is misisng

A

contains
-executive
-effector
missing
-feedbakc
-comparator mechanisms for determining system errors

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27
Q

describe the course of open loop control

A

-input given to exectuive level (defines what actions need to be taken)
-passes instructions to effector level (carries out instructions)
-onces actions completed, systems job is over until executive is activated again

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28
Q

what are 2 things that cannot be done in an open loop control and why

A

-not senstivie to whether or no the actions generated in the environemnet were effective in meeting the goal
-modifcations to the actions cannot be made while action is in progress
**no feedback

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29
Q

where are open loop systems most effective

A

in stable, predictable environments in which the need for modification is of commands are low
-closed environemnt

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30
Q

what type of movements seem to be controlled in an open loop fashion

A

ones that are rapid, brief, and forceful

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31
Q

movement execution is not actually controlled by the cosncious decision-making stages, so it is carried out by what

A

a system that is not under direct conscious control
-motor program (determines which muscles to contract, in what order, when and for how long)

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32
Q

practice, which leads to learning skilled actions is thought of as what in relation to motor programs

A

building enw, more stable, more precise, or longer operating motor programs (or some combinations of these)

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33
Q

once a motor program is learned where is it stored

A

in long-term memory and must be retrieved and prepared for initation during the response programming stage

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34
Q

in the conceptual model, if the mvoement of a task i very sloe or of long duration, what system dominates

A

by the feedback processes

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35
Q

in the conceptual model, if the movement of a task is very fast or brief what system tends to dominate

A

open loop portions

36
Q

in RT experiments, the duration of the RT delay was what when more info needed to be processed and when it was not natural

A

slowed

37
Q

in henry and rogers experiment with reaction complextiy effect, they found that simple RT was eleveated with increases in what

A

the complexity of the movement to be performed AFTER the response was initiated

38
Q

why does the complexty of the movement ot be perforemd increase RT

A

more time is required to organize the motor system before the initiaiton of the action
-this organization occurs in the movement programming stage

39
Q

how does the fact that complex movement increases RT show evidence of motor programs

A

because at least some of the action is organized in advance
-just as a motor program theory would expect

40
Q

how is the startle effect evidence for motor programming

A

when a stimulus startles an individual (like a loud noise), their response is the same as it would be normally, however, it happens much faster
-idea is that the executive has prepared a motor program in advance of the stimulus to respond
-not sure which, but the startle effect could possibly speed up the executive’s processing

41
Q

what is deafferentation

A

surgical technique that involves utting an animals afferent nerve bundles where they enter the cord so CNS no longer can retreicve info from some protion of the periphery

42
Q

in deafferentation, how are motor pathways not affected by the procedure

A

the info about motor activity passes through the ventral side of the cord (uncut)

43
Q

what are sensory neuropathy patients

A

individuals who have lost much of their sensory feedback
- are still able to perform quite well in their environments, as long as visual info is available

44
Q

is sensory info from the moving limb critical for movement production

A

no,
deafferentation
sensory neuropathy patients

45
Q

how are the theories of movement control generally incorrect

A

because they say that sensory info is required when in reality its not always the case

46
Q

how is deafferentation evidence for motor programs

A

supports the idea that movemnts can be organized centrally in motor programs

47
Q

the idea of motor programs is similiar to that of what and describe

A

central pattern generator
-neuronal circuits that produce motor patterns

48
Q

how do central pattern generators work

A

its established in the brainstem or spinal cord
-when its initiated, sometines by a command neuron - produces rhythmic, oscillating commands to musculature to define a squence of right-left-right activities

49
Q

how is it known that central pattern generator command organization is truly central in origin

A

these commands occur even if the sensory nerves are

50
Q

what is the main difference between central pattern generators and motor program

A

MOTOR PROGRAM
-involves learned activities that are centrally controlled
CPG
-involves more genetically defined actiities (locomotion, chewing, breathing)

51
Q

what method is most frequently used to study action inhibition

A

stop-signal paradigm

52
Q

how is inhibiting actions evidence for motor programs

A

motor program is released that is responsible for initiating the action in tasks and that serves to carry out the entire action unless a second stop-signal program is initiated in time stop its completion

53
Q

what type of muscle pattern is typically of quick movments

A

triple burst
-agonsit-antagonist-agonist

54
Q

how are muscle response patterns evidence for motor programs

A

in experiment, the antagonist (biceps) muscle even contracted at all when the movement was blcoked and it contracted at the same time as in normal movements
-support idea that the movement activities are organized in advance carry out unmodified sensory info

55
Q

what are 4 major roles of open-loop organizations

A

-to define and issue commands to musculature
-organize degrees of freedom into single unit
-specify and initiate postural adjustments
-module reflex pathways

56
Q

whhat are storage problems

A

how/where do humans store the nearly countless number of motor programs needed for future

57
Q

what are novelty programs

A

how do performers produce truly novel behaviour such as performing a varient of tennis swing never done previously
-the program for such an action cannot be represented in an already stored motor program

58
Q

what idea emerged when they were trying to keep appealing aprts of motor program but aslo account for the storage and novelty problems

A

the generalized motor program

59
Q

what is the generalized motor program in stored memeory

A

thought to be adjusted at the time of movement execution
-allowing the action to be hcanged slightly to meet the current environement demands

60
Q

what are invariant features

A

things that define
-features that make the pattern appear the same, time after time

61
Q

what are parameters

A

details
-fast run, long run, slow
-modifiable features invarient features

62
Q

the word paramter comes from mathematics and represents wha

A

numerical values in an equation which do not change hte form of the equation
Y = a + bX
-a and b are parameters, Y and X are related to each other in same way for any value of a and b
-the unique performance that occurs when certain parameters are changed does not ater the inariant characteristics - only how the general motor program is expressed at a given time

63
Q

what stage ais a general motor program chosen during

A

response selfection stage
-retireved rfom long-term memory
-and parameters are added (parameterized) in response programming

64
Q

what are 3 aspects of invarient features

A

-relative timing or rhythm
-relative forces
-order muscles are activated
**these 3 things create coordination

65
Q

when changing from walking to running, what invariant features occur

A

change relative timing and forces

66
Q

relative timing produced by a performer can be thought of as what and has to do with what 2 characterstics

A

a kind of fingerprint, unique to a particular movement class
-spatial and temporal

67
Q

what are 3 asepcts of parameters

A

-movement time
-movement amplitude
-specific effectors

68
Q

what is the stereo system analogy

A

the phonograph record is the GMp, speaker are the muscles and limbs
-record contains all of the features and is stored on it, and many diff. records to chose from (like how we have many motor progras)

69
Q

what feature of GMP is march vs. waltz

A

invariant
-change relevant timing

70
Q

what feature of GMP is slow vs fast

A

parameter
-movement time

71
Q

what feature of GMP is pen on paper vs. toe in sand

A

paramter
-changed effector

72
Q

what feature of GMP is throwing vs kicking

A

it depends
-muscle order different
LITTLE KID
-using basic patterns to move object in space
EXPERT
patterns become seperated
***with practoce gets own motor program creatin a clear and obvious pathway

73
Q

what are 3 ways that make motor control theries differ

A

-role and function of the CNS
-influence of environment features
-how the environment and NS interact

74
Q

info processing, dynamical system and general motor program can be seen as what

A

a continuum
-info processing and dynamical system on central processing side and general motor prgroam on environmental influence

75
Q

in the motor control theory continuum, what type of tasks are mostly found in info processing and dynamical system

A

discrete and serial skills

76
Q

in the motor control theory continuum, what type of tasks are mostly found in general motor program

A

continuous taskthe ge

77
Q

the general motor program theory is helpfulf for what

A

explaining how we can perform rapid actions and how we learn movement sequences

78
Q

what is not believed in in dynamical systems

A

the executive

79
Q

what does the dynamical system belive in

A

self organization
-will organize into the most stable behaviour - pattern of coordination

80
Q

what motor control theory solves the degrees of freedom problem

A
81
Q

what is inphase

A

when limbs move in same pattern

82
Q

what is antiphase

A

limbs move opposite, mirrored pattern

83
Q

what happens when one is doing antiphase really fast

A

turns into inphase because it is the most stable pattern
-dont have to consciously think to switch from one to the other

84
Q

coordination involved what kind of relationships

A

relative spatial and temporal between limbs and within limbs

85
Q

stable coordination happens cause of complex dynamics between what 3 things

A

-NS
-environement
-task/limbs

Motor Control - 2700 (11 decks)

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