howdy Flashcards
hi (195 cards)
1
Q
What is Structuralism
A
A school of psychology that aimed to understand the conscience/mental processes through parts
Example: Structuralists studied reaction time
2
Q
What is Functionalism
A
focused on how mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment.
3
Q
What is the Psychoanalytical theory
A
focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious in affecting conscious behavior, as well as early childhood experiences
4
Q
What is Gestalt Psychology
A
A school of psychology that studied how sensory information interact with each other as a whole.
(In other words, they were basically Structuralism but focused on the whole, not the part)
5
Q
What is Behaviorism
A
observing and controlling behavior
6
Q
What is Humanism
A
a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.
7
Q
Who was Wilhelm Wundt?
A
German Scientist
First psychologist
Used introspection
Developed Structuralism
8
Q
Who was Max Wertheimer?
A
German psychologist who introduced the Gestalt principles
9
Q
Who was Ivan Pavlov?
A
Russian psychologist
studied conditional reflex
Experiment on dog with food and a bell
Created classical conditioning
10
Q
Who was B.F. Skinner?
A
Behavioralist who created the Skinner Box, a box with a lever or a button used on lab rats to experiment reinforcement and punishment
11
Q
Who was J.B. Watson?
A
Psychologist who thought introspection was flawed because objective study of the mind was impossible (like wowzers)
Preferred to only study observable behavior, this study of understanding and controlling behavior later became known as behaviorism
12
Q
Who was William James?
A
accepted Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection
Saw psychology’s purpose was to study the function of behavior in the world
Created functionalism
13
Q
Who was Ulric Neisser?
A
German psychologist
Father of cognitive psychology
Influential to schools around the country upon his publication of his textbook “Cognitive Psychology”
14
Q
Who was Sigmund Freud?
A
Neurologist who was fascinated with hysteria cases in patients
Believed torment from hysteria was in the unconscious mind, which eventually led to the psychoanalytic theory
15
Q
Who was Abraham Maslow?
A
American psychologist who proposed the hierarchy of needs
16
Q
Who was Carl Rogers?
A
American psychologist
Believed everyone was able to push through their own difficulties, so long as they had support
Developed client-centered therapy
17
Q
What is Biopsychology
A
explores how our biology influences our behavior
18
Q
What is Cognitive psychology
A
is the area of psychology that focuses on studying cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to our experiences and our actions
19
Q
What is Clinical psychology
A
is the area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior
20
Q
What is Developmental psychology
A
is the scientific study of development across a lifespan
21
Q
What is Evolutionary psychology
A
is to predict the outcome of a behavior in a particular situation based on evolutionary theory and then to make observations, or conduct experiments, to determine whether the results match the theory
22
Q
What is Social psychology
A
focuses on how we interact with and relate to others
23
Q
What is the Psychology of personality
A
focuses on patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique
24
Q
What is Industrial-Organizational Psychology
A
is a subfield of psychology that applies psychological theories, principles, and research findings in industrial and organizational settings
25
What is Health psychology
focuses on how health is affected by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
26
What is Positive psychology
A branch of psychology focused on the character strengths and behaviors that allow individuals to build a life of meaning and purpose—to move beyond surviving to flourishing
Studies how human strengths influence success and happiness
27
What is Sports psychology
study of the psychological aspects of sport performance, including motivation and performance anxiety, and the effects of sport on mental and emotional wellbeing
28
What is Forensic psychology
A branch of psychology that deals questions of psychology as they arise in the context of the justice system
29
What is the hierarchy of needs?
A pyramid chart mean to show what humans need to survive to the fullest.
In order to reach the next level of the pyramid, one must first obtain all aspects of the level they are currently on.
Order of levels (bottom to top): psychological (food), security (safety/employment), social, esteem, and self-actualization
30
What is the Placebo effect
people's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation
Ex. sugar pill vs. experimental pill; people who took sugar pill thinking it was the real thing got better
31
What is a Double-blind study
experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments(neither groups know what is happening), done to control expectations of both parties
32
What is a Single-blind study
experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are
33
What is an experimental group
group designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the two are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance
34
What is a control group
serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study—by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups
Basically the same as whatever the experimental group is, but without the experimental variable
35
What is an Independent variable
variable being control by experimenter; in a sound experiment, it is the only important difference between experimental and control group
36
What is a dependent variable
variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had
37
What is Generalizability
refers to how useful the results of an experiment are to a population
ex. results from small group of ten being generalized to a population of 1000 (though generalizing a group of ten to a thousand isn't reliable)
38
What is Validity
accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure
39
What is Reliability
consistency and reproducibility of a given result
40
What is a clinical/case study
observational research study focusing on one or a few people
41
What is naturalistic observation
observation of behavior in its natural setting
42
What is cross-sectional research
compares multiple segments of a population at a single time
43
What is longitudinal research
studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time
44
What are Correlational Studies
studies that aim to assess the relationship between two or more variables
45
What is Positive Correlation
both variables move in the same direction
ex. as temperature increases, the rate that billy's ice cream melts increases
billy why are you just standing there letting your ice cream melt
46
What is negative correlation
variables move in opposite direction
| ex. as charle's time of watching lectures bc she "had to" increases, her awareness decreases bc she's almost brain-dead
47
What is zero correlation
neither variable seem to correlate (scatter plot)
48
What is the correlation coefficient
number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by r
the closer r is to 1 (either negative or positive), the stronger the correlation
ex. +0.9 shows a pretty strong positive correlation
49
learn the parts of a neuron
can't put a picture of a neuron here ahahaha look it up :D
50
What is the cell membrane
serves as the security gate and only allows large molecules in and large molecules out
51
What is a cell body
soma
52
What is the dendrite
where the neuron receives signals
53
What is an axon
tunnel between the terminal buttons and dendrites
54
What is the myelin sheath
coating and insulator for axon
55
What is action potential
signal that moves from soma to axon to terminal buttons
56
What is the process of action potential
membrane potential provides energy for signals (held at resting potential when there are no signals); when neuron receives signal, membrane opens, allowing Na+ into the cell, giving it a positive charge; if cell reaches threshold of excitation, action potential begins.
57
What are neurotransmitters
messengers that travel between neurons
58
what is acetylcholine involved in and its potential effect on behavior
involved in muscle action, memory
| can cause increased arousal, enhanced cognition
59
What does the hindbrain contain
contains the medulla (automatic processes), pons (connects to rest of the brain and helps movement), and the cerebellum (little brain. Gets messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and ear)
*functions and locations of each part will be covered separately in the flashcards as well*
60
What is the thalamus
sensory relay for brain. All senses (except smell)
61
What is the limbic system
responsible for memory and emotion. It contains the Hippocampus (essential for learning and memory), Amygdala (involve w/ emotion & tying emotion to memories), and Hypothalamus (regulates homeostatic processes)
*functions and locations of each part will be covered separately in the flashcards as well*
62
What are the hemispheres
two largest parts of the brain and are connected by the corpus callosum
63
What is the cerebral cortex (surface)
handles higher level processes like consciousness, emotions, language. It contains the 4 lobes.
64
What does the frontal lobe contain
has motor cortex (plan and move), prefrontal cortex (cognition), and brocas area (language)
*functions and locations of each part will be covered separately in the flashcards as well*
65
What is the parietal lobe
behind frontal lobe. Process senses
66
What does the occipital lobe contain
has primary visual cortex
67
What is the temporal lobe
on the sides (hearing, memory, emotion, some language), has auditory cortex and wernicke's area (speech)
*functions and of each part will be covered separately in the flashcards as well*
68
What are hormones
are like neurotransmitters because they are the chemical messengers of the endocrine system and must bind to send signals. But travel through blood and attach to any cell w/ receptors that fit
69
What is the pituitary gland
like cerebellum because it connects to the brain and controls all other glands in endocrine system
70
What is self-awareness
conscious knowledge of one's own character, feelings, motives, and desires.
71
What is sensory awareness
direct focus on some specific sensory aspect of the body or outer or inner environment; a phenomenon of experience, not a characteristic of perception
72
What is state of awareness
Our level of awareness of internal events and external surroundings
73
What is sensory adaptation
basically when you perceive something for so long that you kind of ignore it
Ex. you see a flashing light outside the window. After a while, you're like "meh"
74
What is Sensation
happens through sensory receptors
| Ex. hearing a loud sound
75
What is Perception
way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; reacting to the sensation
Ex. jump in surprise from a loud sound or the loud sound reminding you of loud traffic (probably the last one is closer to the definition)
76
What is Gestalt psychology
field of psychology based on the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts
77
What are the Gestalt principles of perception
Figure ground principle, proximity, similarity, continuity, and closure (there's more but phoebe only put down these)
78
What is the principle of figure ground?
we separate our vision into figure (focus) and ground (background)
Ex. in one image, you might see a dog or a cat first
79
What is the principle of proximity?
things that are close together might be perceived as related
| Ex. a groups of circles close together might appear to you like they are related to each other
80
What is the principle of similarity?
when things appear to be similar to each other, we group them together. And we also tend to think they have the same function.
81
gestalt theory of perception
The gestalt theory of perception attempts to explain the way the human brain interprets information about relationships and hierarchy in a design or image based on visual cues like proximity, similarity, and closure.
82
What is the principle of continuity
elements that are arranged on a line or curve are perceived to be more related than elements not on the line or curve
Ex. red dots in a curve seem to be more related to the black dots on the curve than red dots on a straight line (idk look it up i can't put pictures on here)
83
What is the principle of closure
when we look at a complex arrangement of visual elements, we tend to look for a single, recognizable pattern.
In other words, when you see an image that has missing parts, your brain will fill in the blanks and make a complete image so you can still recognize the pattern.
Ex. (might want to look this up too)
84
Function and location of the medulla
automatic processes
| located in hindbrain
85
function and location of the pons
connects to rest of the brain and helps movement
| located in hindbrain
86
function and location of the cerebellum
little brain, gets messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and ear
located in hindbrain
87
function of the thalamus
sensory relay for the brain, for all senses except smell
88
functions and location of the hippocampus
essential for learning and memory
| located in limbic system
89
functions and location of the amygdala
involved with emotion and tying emotion to memories
| located in limbic system
90
functions and location of the hypothalamus
regulates homeostatic processes
| located in limbic system
91
functions and location of motor cortex
plan and move
| located in frontal lobe
92
functions and location of prefrontal cortex
cognition
| located in frontal lobe
93
functions and location of broca's area
language
| located in frontal lobe
94
functions and location of wernicke's area
speech
| located in temporal lobe
95
what is classical conditioning
learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior
ex. a dog associating the sound of footsteps with food, so it begins to salivate
96
what is operant conditioning
form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated
ex. the experiment with the skinner box
97
What is negative punishment
taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior
98
what is negative reinforcement
taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior
99
what is positive punishment
adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior
100
what is positive reinforcement
adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior
101
what is observational learning
type of learning that occurs by watching others
102
what is classical conditioning
learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior
103
what is beta-endorphin involved in and the potential effect on behavior
involved in pain, pleasure
| can cause decreased anxiety, decreased tension
104
what is dopamine involved in and the potential effect on behavior
involved in mood, sleep, learning
| can cause increased pleasure, suppressed appetite
105
what is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) involved in and its potential effect on behavior
involved in brain function, sleep
| can cause decreased anxiety, decreased tension
106
what is glutamate involved in and its potential effect on behavior
involved in memory, learning
| can cause increased learning, enhanced memory
107
what is norepinephrine involved in and its potential effect on behavior
involved in heart, intestines, alertness
| can cause increased arousal, suppressed appetite
108
what is serotonin involved in and its potential effect on behavior
involved in mood, sleep
| can cause modulated mood, suppressed appetite
109
what is howard gardner's multiple intelligences theory
tates that there are 8 intelligences that each person contains. linguistic intelligence, logical-mathematical intelligence, musical intelligence, bodily kinesthetic intelligence, spatial intelligence, inter/intrapersonal intelligence (often combined into emotional intelligence; empathy), and naturalistic intelligence.
110
what is normal distribution
an arrangement of a data set in which most values cluster in the middle of the range and the rest taper off symmetrically toward either extreme (like a bell graph)
111
what is standard deviation
measure of variability that describes the difference between a set of scores and their mean
112
what is mean
average
113
what is median
middle point of a set of numbers listed from least to greatest
114
what is mode
most occurring number or value
115
what are learning disabilities
cognitive disorders, essentially a specific neurological impairment
116
what are intellectual disabilities
deficits in functioning and cognition
117
what is validity
accuracy
118
what is reliability
consistency/repetition
| ex. if something happens a lot, it is reliable
119
Percentage and Intellectual disability subtype for people with 3rd-to-6th grade skill level in reading, writing, and, math; may be employed and live independently
85%
| Mild
120
Percentage and intellectual disability subtype for people with basic reading and writing skills; functional self-care skills; requires some oversight
10%
| Moderate
121
Percentage and intellectual disability subtype for people who have functional self-care skills; requires oversight of daily environment and activities
5%
| Severe
122
Percentage and intellectual disability subtype for people who may be able to communicate verbally or nonverbally and require intensive oversight
<1%
| Profound
123
means that the child is not able to take the perspective of others
Egocentrism
124
understanding that even if something is out of sight, it still exists
object perfermence
125
what is the difference between learning and intellectual disabilities
Learning disabilities are considered specific neurological impairments rather than global intellectual or developmental disabilities
126
what is the process for memory (three steps)
encoding (gathering sensory information), storage (retaining a record), and retrieval
127
what are ways to improve memory
chunking, elaborative rehearsal, mnemonic devices
128
what is chunking
you organize information into manageable bits or chunks
129
what is elaborative rehearsal
a technique in which you think about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
involves both linking the information to knowledge already stored and repeating the information.
130
what are mnemonic devices
memory aids that help us organize information for encoding
131
what are the different types of long term memory
explicit and implicit
132
what is storage
retaining a record
133
what is retrieval
pulling a record from your brain, remembering
134
what are the two types of memory (in general)
short-term and long-term
135
what is short term memory
holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used
136
what is long term memory
continuous storage of information
137
the idea that even if you change that appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added
conservation
138
what is the age and challenge of a person who has the desires or outcomes are "see the world as a safe, secure place or as undependable"
Birth-1 yr.
| Trust v. Mistrust
139
what is the age and challenge of a person who has the desires or outcomes are "feels self-reliant enough to explore the world, control env., & get results, or doubts abilities"
1-3 yr
| Autonomy v. Doubt
140
what is the age and challenge of a person who has the desires or outcomes are "takes actions w/o being told or feels guilty for overstepping boundries"
4-6 yr
| initiative v. guilt
141
what is the age and challenge of a person who has the desires or outcomes are "develops confidence or feels inferior to peers"
7-11 yr
| industry v. guilt
142
what is the age and challenge of a person who has the desires or outcomes are "begin to form a unified, consistent sense of self by asking 'who am I?' or have problems w/ subsequent stages
12-18 yr
| identity v. role confusion
143
what is the age and challenge of a person who has the desires or outcomes are "if formed stable identities then start forming stable, close, relationships or feel lonely"
19-29 yr
| Intimacy v. Isolation
144
what is explicit memory
memories we consciously try to remember try to remember and recall; declarative
145
what is implicit memory
memories that are not part of our consciousness; for behaviors and hard to verbalize
146
what are the two types of explicit memory
semantic and episodic memory
147
what is the age and challenge of a person who has the desires or outcomes are "Either find value in their lives (despite not reaching earlier goals) and give energy to community, work, and families or not"
30-64 yr
| Generativity v. Stagnation
148
what is the age and challenge of a person who has the desires or outcomes are "Feel a sense of living a meaningful life or feel regret for living an incomplete life"
65+
| Integrity v. despair
149
a disliking towards someone solely because of a social group they are apart of
Prejudice
150
a disliking towards someone solely because of their race
Racism
151
making assumptions about a person solely because of a social group they are in
Stereotyping
152
a phenomenon where a witness does not offer to help a victims and instead, they just watch
Bystander effect
153
tendency of no one to help because the responsibility is spread
Diffusion of responsibility
154
What was the experiment preformed by Solomon Asch
he showed a group of participants three different lines of varying lengths. Then showed each individual a different line and asked which length it matched with. His findings show that the group majority influenced the answers of the participants
155
What was the experiment preformed by Stanley Milgram
wanted to see if Nazis really were “just following orders” so he conducted an experiment where volunteers were told to admitter shocks to students when they answered a question incorrectly. They were told to increase the shock every time. His findings show that a surprising amount of people will do unethical things due to obedience
156
What was the experiment performed by Philip Zimbardo
conducted an experiment where volunteers would act as either a prisoner or guard. He found that the volunteers took their roles very seriously and that the “guards” treated the “prisoners” inhumanely. The experiment was cut off
157
wanting to help people even if it cost you
Altruism
158
ability to understand how other people feel
Empathy
159
modification of opinions to come to a common group consensus
Group think
160
voluntary behavior to help others
Prosocial Behavior
161
what is the DSM
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
| A chart that shows a bunch of disorders and describes them
162
What is Generalized Anxiety
disorder is characterized by continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry
163
What are major depression symptoms
weight change, sleeping abnormalities, negative emotions, and fatigue
164
What are PTSD symptoms
flashbacks and in order to be diagnosed one must have been involved with or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence
165
What is bipolar disorder
characterized by experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania
166
what is autism
spectrum disorder Is characterized mainly by an inability to form close emotional ties with others, speech and language abnormalities, repetitive behaviors, and an intolerance of minor changes
167
What is ADHD
characterized by struggle to pay attention and hyperactivity
168
What is OCD
experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted (obsessions)
169
What is the diathesis stress model
a psychological theory that attempts to explain a disorder, or its trajectory
170
what is semantic memory
consists of facts, definitions, and concepts
171
what is episodic memory
consists of events and experiences
172
What is freud's psychodynamic theory
states that our unconscious drives (sex, aggression, and childhood sex/life) influence our personality
173
what are freudian slips
slips of the tongue that are supposedly sexual or aggressive urges
174
what is the id
contains primitive urges such as hunger, thrist, and sex and is from birth
ex. I want this now
175
what is the superego
the moral compass which helps us differentiate from right and wrong
ex. this is wrong
176
what is the ego
part of ourselves that is rational and presentable; serves to balance the id and superego
177
what is denial
refusing to accept real events because they are unpleasant
178
what is displacement
transferring inappropriate urges or behaviors onto a more acceptable or less threatening target
179
what is projection
attributing unacceptable desires to others
180
what is rationalization
justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reason for less-acceptable real reasons
181
what is reaction formation
reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own beliefs
182
what is regression
returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development
183
what is repression
suppressing painful memories and thoughts
184
what is sublimation
redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels
185
what is carl jung's analytical psychology theory
focuses on balancing conscious/unconscious thought and experience within one's personality; proposed idea of introverts/extroverts, personas and believed in collective unconsciuosness
186
who was alfred adler
developed the idea of individual psychology which states that feelings of inferiority are our driving force; also believed in the importance of social connections because he thought they played a significant role in childhood development
187
what did erik erikson believe in
believed we are faced with a new challenge in every stage of our life and that we must overcome said challenge to achieve happiness
188
what is albert bandura's social-cognitive theory
states that cognition and learning both play roles in individual personality. The theory states that determinism (behavior, context/situational factors, and cognition influence each other), observational learning (learning through watching others) and self-efficacy (confidence in our abilities; developed through social experiences)
189
what is b.f. skinner's behaviorist perspective
stated that our environment was solely responsible for our personality. He believed we learned to behave certain ways
190
what is the humanistic approach
focuses on how healthy people develop
191
Who was Abraham Maslow
studied healthy people and found that they tend to be open, creative, and loving. Also, he made the hierarchy of needs
192
What did carl rogers focus on
focused on the idea of self-concept and divided it into the ideal and real self. He believed that in order to achieve fulfillment, one must reach consistency between the two. Parents play a huge role in this.
193
What was the conclusion of the minnesota study of twins
found that identical twins, raised together or apart, have similar personalities
194
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ____
DEPRESSION YEAHHHHHH
195
Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Katniss Everdeen, Hercules, King Author, Luke Sky Walker, Mulan, Beowulf, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?
Archetypes: ancestral memories represented by universal themes in various cultures, as expressed through literature, art, and dreams (Jung).
