HPaHD Flashcards
Give reasons why mortality rates have dropped
Social changes
Improving psychological health
Medical advancements
Describe the biopsychosocial model
Treat holistically Recognises that health is caused by all three factors
Compare the Biomedical and Biopsychosocial Models
BM: Caused by Pathogens, Injuries, Physiological Factors Causes are outside the Patient’s control Treat with interventions BPS: Diverse Causes Individual isn’t a passive victim Treat Holistically Doctor and Patient are both responsible for treatment/care
How can people be diverse?
Health Problems Lifestyles Beliefs Behaviours
What is a Stereotype?
Generalisations made about specific social groups and their members. “Rules of Thumb” Broadly correct but can be erroneous “Social schemata”
Why do we stereotype and why can it be helpful?
We stereotype as the brain stores information in “schematic” which group information together for suitable situations Useful: Saves processing power Allows anticipation and makes things more predictable
Why are stereotypes unhelpful?
They tend to focus on more negative traits Can lead to prejudice Then discrimination We group ourselves into the “in/out” crowd Overlooks individuality
Why should we think about stereotypes?
As we tend to rely on them under stress/pressure Challenge stereotypes by getting to know them
Stereotypes of Aging
Positive: Warm Grandparently Laid Back Negative: Unable to change Incompetent Period of stagnation
Developmental Model of Aging
From psychoanalytical theories Erikson/Freud
Negative view of old age, have life stages
Young adults- Intimacy vs. isolation
Mid-adult life - Generation vs. stagnation
Old-age - Integrity vs. despair
Trait Model (Of Aging and Changing of Personalities)
Personality is defined by Traits
Distribution of traits differ at ages
However traits are stable in individuals throughout time
What is a Health Related Behaviour?
Anything that may promote health or illness eg healthy eating, smoking
Why are Health Related Behaviours important?
As negative behaviours put a large strain in the NHS budget Eg. Smoking, alcohol, blood pressure, cholesterol and obesity
Describe Classical Conditioning
Behaviour can become linked to another unrelated stimuli You can learn by association E.g. Get stressed > have a cigarette Work break > have a cigarette Conditioned behaviour can become a habit/routine
How can we use classical conditioning to change behaviour?
Pair an unpleasant stimuli with behaviour Break the habit by preventing unconscious thoughts e.g. Put an elastic band round a cigarette packet
Describe Operant Conditioning
Behaviour is shaped by consequences It can reinforced by a reward or by taking away a punishment and vice versa
How can we use Operant Conditioning? Why is Operant Conditioning more of a problem?
As unhealthy behaviours tend to give immediate rewards
We can give incentives eg save money for a holiday
Describe the Social Learning Theory
Learn from others actions and their consequences and apply it to themselves Behaviour can be shaped by role models, positively or negatively Behaviour is focused on the goals/outcomes Works well if role model is high status or relatable
Describe the Cognitive Dissonance theory (A Social Cognition Model)
People have preconceptions about health behaviour They feel uncomfortable if this is challenged/shown to be untrue They reduce their discomfort by changing their behaviour
What is the Biomedical Model?
Model defines mind and body as separate entities- Duality Illness is seen as caused by biological and physiological aspects Treated physically Not treating the patient Holistically
Describe the Health Belief Model
People have common sense heliefs and their risk and severity which shape their behaviour Can be changed by a “cue to action”
Describe the Theory of Planned Behaviour
Theory shows you need to understand their intentions to know their actions Takes Attitude to behaviour, subjective norms and percieved control into account. However just because you intend to, doesn’t mean you will
Describe the transtheoretical model
Looks as Stages of Change
Looks at they way people go about changing their behaviours
Cycle goes round, can exit and enter at any stage
Takes relapses into account
1) Precontemplation
2) Contemplation
3) Preparation
4) Action
5) Maintainance
6) Relapse
List some reasons people use substances
Pain relief Boredom, Social Lubricant, Pleasure Forget Worries Anxiety/Depression/Stress Peer Pressure Enhance Creativity etc Spiritual Quest
