HPE Theory Flashcards
1
Q
Identify the 5 functions of the skeleton.
A
- Shape
- Movement
- Protection
- Mineral Storage
- Blood Cells
2
Q
Identify the 4 types of bones.
A
- Long
- Short
- Flat
- Irregular
3
Q
List 2 identifiers of long bones.
A
- Longer than they are wide
- Long shaft and two heads
4
Q
List some examples of long bones.
A
- Phalanges
- Fibula
- Femur
- Ulna
- Humerus
5
Q
What is the process of growing bones?
A
Cartilage grows and gets replaced by bones.
5
Q
How can we keep our bones strong?
How can we take care of our bones?
(same answer for both, but two dot points)
A
- Eat calcium
- Be active
5
Q
- What is the outer layer of a bone made of?
- What is the inner layer of a bone made of?
- What is the center of a bone made of?
A
- Compact bone
- Cancellous
- Bone marrow/periosteum
5
Q
What age do we/our bones stop growing?
A
25 years old.
6
Q
Where is the cranium located?
A
Skull or head
7
Q
Describe periosteum (inside a bone).
A
Dense, thin membrane that contains nerves and blood vessels.
7
Q
List some examples of short bones.
A
- Carpals
- Tarsals
7
Q
Describe compact bone (inside a bone).
A
Smooth and hard.
7
Q
Where is the cranium located?
A
Skull or head
7
Q
List 2 identifiers of short bones.
A
- Cube-shaped
- Found in confined spaces
8
Q
List some examples of flat bones.
A
- Cranium
- Ribs
- Scapula
- Pelvis
8
Q
List 2 identifiers of irregular bones.
A
- Varied shapes
- Many surfaces for attachment of muscles.
8
Q
List an example of an irregular bone.
A
Vertebrae
8
Q
List the three things bones are made of.
A
- Periosteum/Bone marrow
- Compact bone
- Cancellous
8
Q
Where is the mandible located?
A
Jaw
9
Q
Where is the clavicle located?
A
Collar bone
10
Q
Describe cancellous (inside a bone).
A
- Spongey
- Strong
- Protects bone marrow
10
Q
List 2 identifiers of flat bones.
A
- Broad, dense surface
- Muscle attachment
11
Q
Where are the carpals located?
A
Small bones in your wrist
12
Q
Where are the tarsals located?
A
Bones in the ankle
13
Where is the vertebral column located?
Series of bones in the back running from the base of your skull down to your sacrum
14
Where are the metacarpals located?
Bones in palm of hand
15
Where are the metatarsals located?
Bones in foot running from ankle to toes
16
Where are the phalanges located?
Small bones of fingers and toes
17
Where is the scapula located?
Shoulder blade
18
Where is the patella located?
Kneecap
19
Where is the ulna located?
Long bone in forearm - pinkie to elbow
19
Where is the radius located?
Long bone in forearm - thumb to elbow
19
Where is the humerus located?
Long bone in upper arm
20
Where is the ribs located?
Surround chest
20
Where is the pelvic girdle/pelvis located?
Hips
20
Where is the femur located?
Long bone in upper thigh
20
Where is the sternum located?
Breast bone
20
Where is the fibula located?
Long bone of lower legs - runs down the outside
21
Where is the tibia located?
Long bone of lower legs - runs down the inside
22
What bone is located in the skull/head?
Cranium
22
Where is the sacrum located?
Lower back, just above coccyx.
22
Where is the coccyx located?
Small bone at the base of the spine, tailbone.
23
What bone is located in the jaw?
Mandible
24
What bone is located in the collar bone?
Clavicle
25
What bone is the long bone in the upper arm?
Humerus
26
What bone is the long bone in forearm - thumb to elbow?
Radius
27
What bone is the long bone in forearm - pinkie to elbow?
Ulna
28
What bone is located surrounding the chest?
Ribs
29
What bone is the breast bone?
Sternum
30
What bone is located at the hips?
Pelvic girdle/pelvis
31
What bone is located in the upper thigh?
Femur
32
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33
What bone is the shin bone?
Tibia
34
What bone is located in the outside of lower legs?
Fibula
35
What bone is located at the base of the spine, also known as the tailbone?
Coccyx
36
What bone is located just above the coccyx in the lower back?
Sacrum
37
What are the small bones in your wrist?
Carpals
38
What bone is located in the ankle?
Tarsals
39
What is the series of bones in the back down your spine called?
Vertebral column
40
What is the bones located in the palm of hand called?
Metacarpals
41
What is the bones in foot running from ankle to toes called?
Metatarsals
42
What are the small bones of fingers and toes called?
Phalanges
43
What bone is located in the shoulder blade?
Scapula
44
What bone is located in the kneecap?
Patella
45
Define superior.
Closer to the head than another part
46
Define inferior.
Closer to the feet than another part
47
Define anterior.
Towards the front of the body
48
Define posterior.
Towards the back of the body
49
Define medial.
Towards the imaginary midline of the body
50
Define lateral.
Away from the imaginary midline of the body
51
Define proximal.
A body part closer to it's attachment point.
52
Define distal.
A body part further away from the point of attachment than another.
53
List the four functions of muscles.
- Movement
- Heat production
- Posture and body support
- Protection
54
Elaborate on the muscle function: movement
Muscles attach to bones to allow movement.
55
Elaborate on the muscle function: heat production
Heat is a by-product when our bodies produce energy in our cells, and when we move our muscles.
56
Elaborate on the muscle function: posture and body support
Muscles continually make fine, corrective movements to maintain our upright body position.
57
Elaborate on the muscle function: protection
Muscles protect internal organs and structures.
58
Where is the deltoid located?
Shoulder
59
Where is the trapezius located?
Top of neck
60
Where is the pectoralis major located?
Chest
61
Where is the latissimus dorsi located?
Back of ribcage
62
Where is the biceps located?
Front of upper arm
63
Where is the triceps located?
Back of upper arm
64
Where is the rectus abdominis located?
Stomach
65
Where is the gluteus maximus located?
Bottom
66
Where is the quadriceps located?
Thigh
67
Where is the wrist flexors located?
Front of forearm
67
Where is the wrist extensors located?
Back of forearm
68
What muscle is located in the shoulder?
Deltoid
69
What muscle is located in the back of rib cage?
Latissimus dorsi
69
What muscle is located in the front of forearm?
Wrist flexors
69
What muscle is located in the front of the upper arm?
Biceps
70
What muscle is located in the thigh?
Quadriceps
70
What muscle is located in the bottom?
Gluteus maximus
70
Where is the hamstrings located?
Back of upper leg
70
What muscle is located in the top of the neck?
Trapezius
70
What muscle is located in the back of upper leg?
Hamstrings
70
Where is the gastrocnemius located?
Back of lower leg (Calf)
70
What muscle is located in the front of lower leg? (shin)
Tibialis anterior
71
What muscle is located in the chest located?
Pectoralis major
71
Where is the tibialis anterior located?
Front of lower leg (shin)
71
What muscle is located in the back of the upper arm?
Triceps
71
Where is the sartorius located?
A thin band running across the thigh
71
What muscle is located in the stomach?
Rectus abdominis
71
What muscle is located in the gastrocnemius?
Back of lower leg (Calf)
71
What muscle is the thin band running across the thigh?
Sartorius
72
What muscle is located in the chest located?
Pectoralis major
73
What muscle is located in the back of rib cage?
Latissimus dorsi
74
What muscle is located in the top of the neck?
Trapezius
75
List the three types of joints.
- Immoveable (Fibrous)
- Slightly moveable joints (cartilaginous)
- Moveable joints (Synovial)
76
Define immovable (fibrous) joints, and what the two bones are connected by in this joint.
This is where two bones are fused together, therefore allowing no movement occur. Connected by dense fibrous tissue. There is no joint cavity between bones.
77
What muscle is located in the back of forearm?
Wrist extensors
77
Define joint, and what they allow the bones to do.
A joint is the location at which two bones make contact. They are constructed to allow movement and/or provide mechanical support.
78
Define slightly moveable (cartilaginous) joints.
This is where bones are joined by cartilage. They allow for some movement.
79
Define moveable (synovial) joints.
Allows body to move in many different directions. There is a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid between the bones. The end of the bones are covered in cartilage.
80
Define cartilage.
Cartilage is a type of supportive and protective tissue. It covers the ends of bones that make up a joint.
81
Define tendon.
Tendons are a band of dense connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
82
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83
Define tendon.
Tendons are a band of dense connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
84
Define ligament.
Ligaments are a band of connective tissue that connects bone to bone to provide strength and flexibility to a joint.
85
Define ball and socket joint.
A joint in which the rounded surface of a bone moves within a depression on another bone.
85
Define pivot joint.
Joints that permit rotatory movement of bones, around a single axis.
86
Define hinge joint.
A joint that exists in the body and serves to allow motion primarily in one place.
87
Define articulating joint.
The place of union between two or more bones.
88
Define flexion.
An anterior motion where you decrease the angle between bones and bend the joint.
89
Define extension.
A posterior motion where you increase the angle between bones and straighten the joint.
90
Define abduction.
Where you move a limb away from the midline of the body.
91
Define adduction.
Where you move a limb towards the midline of the body.
92
Define pronation.
When your palm or forearm faces down.
93
Define supination.
When your palm or forearm faces up.
94
Define plantar flexion.
When you push the forward portion of the foot down.
95
Define dorsiflexion.
When you lift the forward portion of the foot down.
96
Define circumduction.
Circular movement of a body segment action.
97
Define rotation (in relation to body movement)
The movement of a bone around it's own axis.
98
Define agonist.
The muscle that is contracting.
99
Define antagonist (in relation to body movement)
The muscle that is relaxing/lengthening.
100
State the template for agonist and antagonist muscle pairs. Include what should go in each space as a general guide.
(FLEXION)
__________ contract and become shorter. As it shortens, it pulls the ____________ __________. ___________ remain relaxed.
1. Agonist muscle
2. Muscle that is moving
3. Where it's moving
4. Antagonist muslce
101
State the template for agonist and antagonist muscle pairs. Include what should go in each space as a general guide.
(EXTENSION)
_________ contract and become shorter. As it shortens, it pulls the __________ back to its original position. ___________ remains relaxed.
1. Agonist muscle
2. Muscle that is moving
3. Antagonist muscle
