HPL Stuff Flashcards
1
Q
Competence is based on?
A
KSA
Knowledge, Skills, Attitude
2
Q
8 Core Competencies are?
A
Application of procedures Communication Flight path management with automation Manual flight path management Leadership and teamwork Problem solving and decision making Situational awareness Workload management
3
Q
What is sensory threshold?
A
Above which the intensity of a stimulus is sufficient to generate a response
4
Q
What is sensory adaptation?
A
Decrease of response due to repeated exposure
5
Q
What is sensory habituation?
A
Signals trigger progressively smaller responses. Takes place in the CNS.
If you’re habituated you may no longer notice the stimulus eg stall warner
6
Q
Normal pulse rate is?
A
70 bpm
7
Q
Normal cardiac output is?
A
5.2L per min
Heart rate x stroke volume
8
Q
Normal blood pressure is?
A
120 / 80 mm Hg
9
Q
Proprioceptors
A
Relative motion and position
10
Q
Mechanoreceptors
A
Fine muscle movement
11
Q
Pressure receptors
A
Sense pressure on skin
12
Q
Humans able to compensate of hypoxia up to?
A
10,000 - 12,000 ft
13
Q
Hypoxic thresholds are?
A
Reaction - 7,000ft
Disturbance - 12,000ft
Critical - 22,000ft
14
Q
Short term memory is affected above around?
A
5,000ft
15
Q
Time of useful consciousness at: 20,000ft 30,000ft 35,000ft 40,000ft
A
20,000ft - 30 min
30,000ft - 1 - 2 min
35,000ft - 30 - 90 sec
40,000ft - 12 - 20 sec
16
Q
Min partial pressure of diffusion is?
A
55 mm Hg
17
Q
Oxygen breathing levels: 0 - 10,000ft 10 - 33,700ft 33,7 - 40,000ft Above 40,000ft
A
0 - 10,000ft - air only
10 - 33,700ft - air and oxygen mix
33,7 - 40,000ft - 100% oxygen
Above 40,000ft - oxygen under pressure
18
Q
Tidal volume is around?
A
500 ml
19
Q
Inspiratory reserve volume is around?
A
3,100 ml
20
Q
Expiratory reserve volume is around?
A
1,200 ml
21
Q
Residual reserve volume is around?
A
1,200 ml
22
Q
Proportion of gasses is constant until?
A
70,000 ft
23
Q
Bends is what?
A
Bubbles in joints
24
Q
Creeps is what?
A
Bubbles under skin
25
Chokes is what?
Bubbles in capillaries
26
Staggers is what?
Bubbles in brain
27
During hyperventilation the blood becomes?
More alkaline due to lack on carbonic acid/ CO2
28
Don’t fly within 12 and 24 hours of?
Diving:
12 hours
Or
24 hours of diving below 30ft
29
Decompression sickness can occur at what alt?
18,000 - 25,000ft
30
Cones are for?
Colour and detail
31
Rods are for?
Night and peripherals
32
Dark to light adaption takes?
10 sec
33
Light to dark adaption
9 mins for cones
30 mins for rods
34
Monocular vision is?
One eyed
Hard to perceive depth
35
Stereoscopic vision is?
Difference in perspective between eyes for depth perception
36
Shortsightedness/ Myopia is?
Can’t focus on distant objects
Corrected with concave
37
Long sightedness/ hyperopia/ hypermetropia is?
Can’t focus on close objects
Corrected with convex
38
Astigmatism is?
Imperfection of curvature of cornea
39
Presbyopia is?
Age related long sightedness
40
NIHL above what?
Above 90 dB
41
Utricle detects?
Horizontal accelerations
42
Saccule detects?
Vertical accelerations
43
Otoliths detect?
Lines accelerations, located at end of semi circular canals
Also sense gravity
44
Body temp is the most significant implication on?
Sleep
45
What are 5 stages of sleep?
1. Drowsiness
2. Light sleep
3. Deeper sleep
4. Deep sleep
5. REM sleep
46
If in new time zone for LESS than 24 hours you should?
Maintain home time
47
If in new time zone for MORE than 24 hours you should?
Adjust to new time zone
48
Travelling EAST results in?
Worse dysrhythmia
49
Samatogravic illusion is?
When accelerating forwards you get illusion of climbing
50
Samatogyral illusion is?
Illusion of rotating when body is stationary
51
Leans caused by?
Reducing bank angle after a prolonged turn
52
Paradoxical sleep is?
Stage 5
| Refreshes the brain
53
Orthodox sleep is?
Stage 3 and 4
| Refreshes the body
54
How of sleep percentage is stage 2?
50% and around 4 stages
55
Circadian rhythm acclimatisation is?
1 day for every 90 mins of jet lag
56
Eustachian tube connects what part of the ear to the throat?
Middle ear
57
Linea accelerations are?
Inc / dec speed
58
Angular accelerations are?
g when pitching
59
Alcohol limit is
20 mg per 100 ml
60
Alcohol elimination
1 unit per hour
61
Recommended max caffeine
250 - 300 mg per day
2 - 3 cupa of coffee
62
SMS is there to?
Define how the organisation is set up to manage risks
Identify workplace risks and implement suitable controls
Implement effective communication across all levels of the organisation
63
What is the sensory threshold?
Above the sensory threshold a stimuli is sensed
64
Bottom up processing
Sensed information is used to construct a perception. Eg touching a desk
65
Top down processing
A hypothesis is made and information is sought to back it up. This involves comparing information with past experience and knowledge. Eg building a mental picture of traffic over the radio
66
Once created mental models are?
Rigid and unsuceptible to change
67
Flichering lights jfrom strobes can induce.
Dizziness and vertigo
68
Perception is
Subjective
69
Vision, equilibrium, proprioception and hearing provide
Spacial orientation
70
Haze makes you think you are
Further away
71
Lack of texture can cause
False height perception
72
Up sloping runway makes you think you are
High
Therefore leads to too low of an approach and undershoot
73
Down sloping runway makes you think you are
Low
Therfore too steep and approach and overshoot
74
Narrow runway
Too high illusion
Shallow and undershoot
75
Wide runway
Too low illusion
Therefore too steep approach and overshoot
76
The leans
Turning in opposite direction after leveling or while leveling after a prolonged turn
77
Autokinesis is?
The perception that aircraft tend to jump from one place to another while flying at night
78
Black hole effect
Occus when there are few lights surrounding a runway and leads to a dangerously low visual approach
79
Coriolis illusion
False sense of tumbling when rapidly moving your head in IMC, exacerbating disorientation
80
Somatogyral
False sense of spinning
81
G related issusions are also called
Seat of the pants, avoided by trusting instruments
82
Enpty field myopia
Where you focus a few meters ahead therefore don’t spot other aircraft
83
An error chain is
Sequence of cumulative errors
84
Vigilance
Sustained attention
85
Selected attention
Select information from many factors and focus one that one source
86
Divided attention
Focusing on two or more stimuli at once also known as multi tasking
87
Hypovigilance
Low level of vigilance
88
3 types of memory store are
Sensory store, short term (working) and long term
89
Sensory store
Holds unprocessed information from the senses for brief periods
90
Short term (working) memory
Holds 5 +- 2 partially processed bit of information
Sensitive to interuption
Impruved by chunking
Think of remembering long ATC clearance
91
Long term memory is divided into
Semantic and episodic memory
92
Semantic memory
General knowledge of the world and language
Highly structured and organised
Never really lost
93
Episodic memory
Events or episodes or places we have been
For example fist solo
94
Amnesia is
Inability to re call or recognise events from episodic memory
95
4 types of learning
Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, insight (cognitive learving) and modelling
96
Classical learning is
Learning by association which is subconscious
97
Operant conditioning
Conscious change of behaviour
eg changing the way you flare
98
Insight (cognitive learning)
Drawing insights from pieces of knowledge and extrapolating from them
Eg a stall on final would be fatal without having to do it
99
Modelling
Imitating and reproducing behaviour
100
The 3 phases of aquiring a new skill are
CAA
Cognitive phase - consciously developing parts of a skill
Associative phase - linking component parts via practice and feebback
Autonomous - skill becomes automatic
101
Motor program is
A highly coordinated set of muscle actions
102
Mental schema
Recall and recognition
They reduce the amount of processing time required but can be difficult to change
Eg recognising exam questions
103
Rasmussen SRK model
Skill - smooth execution of highly practiced physical actions
Rule - actions based of rules which have been learned
Knowledge - construction of own response as a result of experience eg Sully
104
Under pressure pilots tend to result to
Revert to Rule mode of SRK which can result in poor task execution
105
Action slip
Intention was correct but there was a failure of execution
Error
Eg flaps instead of gear
106
Mistake
Incorrect intention
Error
107
Violation
Intentional deviation from what is knows to be the correct action
Can be routine (eg not doing checklists) or exceptional (eg in case of emergency)
108
Omission
Forgetting or missing an action or step
109
Fault
To do with hardware and systems
110
Active error
Short lived and have an immediate effect
Eg wrong frequency
111
Latent error
Errors which lay dorment
Eg cut back or lower quality pilot training
112
Environmental capure
Doing something because it is routine and familliar
Eg selecting flap when its a flapless landing
113
Decision making process is
D E C I D E
```
Define aim
Explore options
Consider risks
Identify priorities
Do it
Evaluate
```
114
Risky shift
A more risky decision is make as a result of a group
115
Risk asessment factors
Identifying potential threats, probability of the threat occuring, consiquence of the threat
116
Co action
All crew members working towards same aim but not necessarily communicating
117
Synergy
1+1>2
118
Cohesion
How tightly knit a group is
119
Groupthink
Where the desire to reach a unanimous decision overrides rational decision making
120
Paternalistic
Discourages attempts by juniors
| Status conscious
121
Ideal pilot leadership style
Balance between task orientation and people orientation
P+ G+
122
How much non verbal communication
75%
123
Explicit communication
Clear intentions
124
Implicit communication
Subtly conveys a message
125
Intrapersonal conflict
Within yourself
126
Interpersonal conflict
Between people
127
Stages of conflict escalation
1. Problem to be solved
2. Difference of opinion
3. Confrontation
4. Flight or flight
5. Combat
128
Personality results from
Genes and upbringing
129
Attitude
Behaviours in respect to things and situations
130
Behaviour
A result of personality and attitude
131
Ideal pilot personality is
Stable extrovert
Hans Eysenck model
132
If an underconfident FO…
Gets promoted to captain they can be aggressive if challenged
133
Hazardous attitudes
```
Invulnerable - can’t happen to me
Machno - no one as good as me
Impulsive
Complacency
Anti-authoritarian
Resignation - give up, everything pointless
Careless
```
134
Response to stress is
GAS - general adaptation syndrome
135
Yorkes Dodson curve
Inverted U is to do with stress and plots arousal and performance.
Peak performance at the peak of the U
136
Stress is a result of
Percieved demands and perceived ability
137
High levels of stress may result in
High levels of anxiety
138
3 phases of GAS
ARE
Alarm - brief initial shock which produces adrenaline
Resistance - lasts longest a releases cortisone, incleases blood flow
Exhaustion - fat reserves used up and drop in blood sugar level
139
3 reactions of stress
Physiological - restlessness, nervousness, anxiety
Psychosomatic - coronary heart desease, ulcers, permanently raised blood pressure
Somatic - alarm reaction
140
Stress coping strategies
Action - remove the stressor
Information seeking - understanding and predicting stress
Inhibition - deal with it/ suck it up
Pallitive coping - relaxation techniques
Obtaining support
141
Irony of automation
The more reliable the system, the less pilots have to do so the less attention they pay
142
TEM consists of
Threats - external
Errors - internal
Undesired aircraft states
143
Threats consist of
LEO
Latent - incorrect sop, published alt, same warning for different faults
Environmental - weather, high traffic
Organisational - culture, commercial oressures
144
Errors consist of
PAC
Procedural - reading wrong checklist
Aircraft handling - failure to maintain altitude
Communication - incorrectly hearing new frequency
145
SHELL components
Software - policies, procedures, computer programs
Hardware - aircraft systems
Environmental - weather
Liveware - people
Determine the reliability and proneness or errors in the cockpit
146
Open culture
Allows mistakes to be reported without risk of sanctions
147
Closed culture
Mishaps are silenced and published
148
Elements of culture
I JUST LOVE FLYING ROBINS - NOT
```
Informed - collects info and publishes
Just
Learning
Flexible
Reporting
National - cultural norms eg North Korea and salience
```
149
Reasons swiss cheese model
Holes in defences allign to open an accident trajectory
150
SMS
Identify hazards and mitigate them
151
SMS elements
Define how the organisation is set up to manage riks
Identify workplace risks and suitable controls
Implement effective communication accross all levels of the organisation
RAPP
Risk management
Assurance
Promotion
Policy and objectives
152
A lapse is
When you get distracted and you do not complete a tast/ ommit a task
153
Error management strategies
Prevention, reduction, detection, recovery and tolerance
