HRS

Question 1

What hormones drive male and female changes

Answer 1

Testosterone; Oestrogen

Question 2

Function of scrotum

Answer 2

Keep testis slightly below body temp

Question 3

Function of testis

Answer 3

Produce sperms & testosterone

Question 4

Function of sperm duct

Answer 4

Transport sperm from testis to urethra

Question 5

Function of urethra

Answer 5

Provides common passage for discharge of semen and urine

Question 6

Function of penis

Answer 6

Transfers semen to female for sexual intercourse

Question 7

Function of seminal glands

Answer 7

Produce seminal fluid

Question 8

Function of oviduct

Answer 8

Site of fertilisation

Question 9

Function of ovary

Answer 9

Produces ova and oestrogen and progesterone

Question 10

Function of uterus

Answer 10

Site of implantation and fetus development

Question 11

Function of cervix

Answer 11

Entrance to uterus from vagina

Question 12

Function of vagina

Answer 12

Holds the penis during sexual intercourse to receive sperm cells
Birth canal for fetus

Question 13

Amount of cytoplasm in sperm vs egg

Answer 13

very little; abundant, contains stored nutrients

Question 14

What happens during menstruation

Answer 14

Uterine lining breaks down
Uterine lining is shed out of the body together with blood

Question 15

What happens on day 6 to 13 of menstrual cycle

Answer 15

Oestrogen stimulates repair and growth of uterine lining
Uterine lining is thick and spongy with blood vessels

Question 16

What happens during ovulation

Answer 16

Release of mature ovum into oviduct

Question 17

What are the three days before and after ovulation known as

Answer 17

Fertile period

Question 18

What does the ovary secrete after ovulation

Answer 18

Progesterone

Question 19

What is the function of progesterone

Answer 19

Maintains and further thickens uterine lining

Question 20

What does the embryo get from the uterine lining when implanted

Answer 20

Nutrients and oxygen for growth

Question 21

What happens if fertilization does not take place

Answer 21

Ovaries stop producing progesterone
Uterine lining breaks down -> menstruation starts again

Question 22

What is the process of the male depositing semen into the vagina known as

Answer 22

Ejaculation

Question 23

When and where does fertilization occur

Answer 23

Nucleus of sperm fuses with nucleus of ovum to form a zygote. Fertilisation occurs in the oviduct

Question 24

Which birth control method is not typically considered a contraception method and why

Answer 24

Rhythm method and withdrawal method as highly unreliable

Question 25

What is the withdrawal method

Answer 25

The act of removing the penis before ejaculation

Question 26

How is the withdrawal method unreliable

Answer 26

Pre-ejaculate may contain some sperm cells and is highly dependent on man's ability to withdraw penis on time

Question 27

Which method is most effective in prevention of STIs

Answer 27

Using a male condom

Question 27

How is the rhythm method unreliable

Answer 27

There may be natural variation in length of menstrual cycles due to emotional stress or other factors

Question 27

What is the rhythm method

Answer 27

Avoidance of sexual intercourse during fertile period

Question 27

How does the male condom prevent birth

Answer 27

It prevents the sperms from entering the vagina and thus fertilisaton

Question 27

What type of birth control methods are condoms, diaphragm and intra-uterine devices known as

Answer 27

Mechanical

Question 27

How does an intra-uterine device work

Answer 27

Coil or loop of plastic inserted into uterus and prevents the implantation of the fertilized egg into the uterine wall

Question 27

What are spermicides and how do they prevent fertilization of egg

Answer 27

Cream, jelly, foam or tablet that kills sperm, thus preventing fertilization. Used with condoms or diaphragms

Question 28

How is a diaphragm used and how does it prevent fertilisation

Answer 28

Worn over the cervix during sexual intercourse. It prevents sperm cells from getting into the uterus and meeting the egg at the oviduct and thus fertilisation

Question 29

What are contraceptive pills and how do they prevent fertilization of egg

Answer 29

Contain oestrogen-like and progesterone-like hormones and prevents ovulation

Question 30

What type of birth control methods are spermicides and contraceptive pills known as

Answer 30

Chemical

Question 31

What is vasectomy and how does it work

Answer 31

Sperm ducts are cut and tied. Prevents ejaculation of sperm cells and thus prevents fertilisation

Question 32

What is tubal ligation and how does it work

Answer 32

Both oviducts are cut and tied. Prevents sperm in the uterus from reaching the egg at the oviduct and thus prevents fertilisation

Question 33

How are STIs transmitted

Answer 33

-Through the exchange of semen and vaginal fluid -When blood of an infected person gets into an uninfected person through open wounds -From an infected pregnant mother to her unborn fetus during childbirth or breast-feeding -Some can be transmitted through direct skin contact

Question 34

What are the possible long-term effects of syphilis

Answer 34

- Major brain and heart damage - Blindness - Paralysis - infertility

Question 35

What are the possible long-term effects of gonorrhea

Answer 35

- infertility - long-term abdominal or pelvic pain

Question 36

What are the possible long-term effects of HIV

Answer 36

- Development into AIDS -> weakened immune system - complications from other infections - death

Question 37

What type of infection are syphilis, gonorrhea, and HIV respectively

Answer 37

Bacterial; Bacterial; Viral

Question 38

How can syphilis, gonorrhea and HIV be treated respectively

Answer 38

Antibodies; antibodies; anti-retroviral therapy available but no cure

Question 39

How to control the spread of STIs

Answer 39

- Abstain from sex - Have fewer partners - Male partners should wear condoms - Do not abuse drugs - Avoid sharing instruments which are likely to break the skin and be contaminated with blood - Go to reliable operators if getting a tattoo and make sure needle is sterilized otherwise insist on using a disposable needle