HSC 355 assessment 1

Question 1

Research

Answer 1

is defined as a
systematic study directed toward fuller
scientific knowledge or understanding of
the subject studied
- Textbook definition-is the
process of systematically and carefully
investigating a subject in order to
discover new insights about the world.

Question 2

Health research

Answer 2

the
investigation of health and
disease or any of the factors
that contribute to the presence
or absence of physical, mental,
and social health among
individuals, families,
communities, nations, or the
world population

Question 3

population health research

Answer 3

involves humans as the unit of
investigation. Examines
outcomes at the community,
regional, national, and
worldwide level.

Question 4

basic scientific research

Answer 4

Often done in a lab
* Strongly tied to scientific rigor
* Commonly includes: cell biology,
immunology, biochemistry,
pharmacology, microbiology, and
genetics

Question 5

clinical research

Answer 5

Evaluates the best
ways to prevent,
diagnose, and treat
adverse health issues
that affect individuals
and families
* Involves people

Question 6

observational studies

Answer 6

that aim to identify and analyze patterns in medical data or biological samples

Question 7

clinical research

Answer 7

also called intervention studies tests the safety and effectiveness of medical interventions , medications and procedures and tools

Question 8

determinants of health

Answer 8

are the biological behavioral and social environmental and political factors that influences the health status of individuals and populations

Question 9

medicine

Answer 9

the practice of preventing and diagnosing and treating health problems in individuals and families example clinicians

Question 10

translational research

Answer 10

The goal is to move research
from the laboratory (basic
science) to human study,
practice, or the field more
efficiently.
applying scientific discoveries to improve clinical outcomes

Question 11

population health

Answer 11

focuses on the health outcomes and determinants of health in a group of humans

Question 12

Public health

Answer 12

consists of the actions taken to promote health and prevent illness injuries and early deaths at a population levels

Question 13

demography

Answer 13

the study of the size and composition of the populations and of population dynamics such as birth and death rates

Question 14

applied research

Answer 14

designed to solve practical problems and the issue is known short leads to action

Question 15

Community based participatory research

Answer 15

is research conducted by and for
those most directly affected by the issue,
condition, situation, or intervention being
studied or evaluated.

Question 16

How do you institute
carry out CBPR

Answer 16

You recruit a community research team.
* You orient and train the research team.
* The team determines the questions the
research or evaluation will try to answer.
* The team plans and structures the
research activity.
* As a team, you carry out your plan.
The team prepares and presents a report and
recommendations.
* You take or try to bring about appropriate
action.
* You evaluate the process.
* You provide an opportunity for team members to
reflect on and discuss their learning and the
effects of the experience.
* You maintain gains by keeping team members
involved.
How do you institute and
carry out CBPR?

Question 17

lead researcher

Answer 17

as the researcher who will do the majority of the work and supported by several other contributors such as assistants or senior specialists

Question 18

senior researcher

Answer 18

an experienced researcher who guides the work of a newer investigator

Question 19

Research in Health education and promotion

Answer 19

. needs assessment
. risk assessments
.Health disparities
.health literacy
. program development and evaluation
. community based participatory research
journey and assets mapping
. translational research
. Clinical research
. population health research

Question 20

Main purpose of research

Answer 20

Generate knowledge that improves practice
Has benefits to a broader community/society

Question 21

main purpose of practice

Answer 21

Prevent disease, injury, or other conditions
and/or promote the health of a particular
community. Data collected is essential to program/service
assessment, improvement, and/or community
health

Question 22

Common elements

Answer 22

Use systematic methods.
Based on scientific evidence.
Might use epidemiological study design.
Might involve the collection and assessment of
personally identifiable and protected health
information.
Might involve statistical analysis of data.
Might result in publication of findings
Might contribute to generalizable knowledge.
Might involve hypothesis testing.

Question 23

Research process

Answer 23

Identify study question
.select study approach
.design study and collect data
.analyze data
. report findings

Question 24

mentorship

Answer 24

a formal or
informal relationship in
which an experienced
mentor offers professional
development advice and
guidance to a less
experienced mentee

Question 25

interprofessional

Answer 25

the ability to work and communicate well with colleagues in different practice areas in order to achieve a shared goals

Question 26

principle investigator

Answer 26

identifies two or more individuals who share responsibility for the conduct of the project.

Question 27

co investigators

Answer 27

used to indicate the individual makes significant contributions, but does not have overall responsibility and authority for the project.

Question 28

Program Director

Answer 28

responsible for ongoing management on behalf of the SRO to ensure that desired programme outcomes and objectives are delivered.

Question 29

coordinator

Answer 29

recruit and screen participants, coordinate the day-to-day running of the trials, collect data, and produce reports.

Question 30

Research Assistants

Answer 30

supports research projects by conducting literature searches, data management and maintaining files for project

Question 31

Data Collectors

Answer 31

enter information into a database and ensure that your data collection sources are accurate

Question 32

evaluator

Answer 32

provide objective, evidence-based information that helps decision-makers and stakeholders improve program effectiveness and efficiency.

Question 33

Biostatistician

Answer 33

the application of statistical techniques to scientific research in health-related fields, including medicine, biology, and public health

Question 34

continuing education

Answer 34

the completion of approved learning activities in order to maintain a professional licensure or credential to understanding new discoveries in one field

Question 35

bibliometric

Answer 35

quantitative analyses of publications and citations

Question 36

h index

Answer 36

bibliometric that indicates that an author has at least h publications that has been cited at least h time

Question 37

10th index

Answer 37

count of the number of publications by an author that has been cited at least 10 times

Question 38

Responsible conduct of research

Answer 38

a concept that encompasses research ethnics , professionalism and best practices for collaboration and communication with other researcher

Question 39

Methods for exploring research topics

Answer 39

brainstorming- helps to create a long list of research topics concept mapping -helps to identify central themes that might be worth exploring. It is a visual method for listing ideas and then grouping them to reveal relationships

Question 40

How to brainstorm

Answer 40

Make a list of any research topic of interest to you Do not erase ideas or correct ideas When done review your list Circle the top 3 ideas Star the one you are most passionate about

Question 41

how to create a concept map

Answer 41

Choose one central concept & write it at the center of your paper Use arrows to connect sub- concepts to your central concept For each sub-concept, create a list of related themes Put an asterisk by the relationship(s) that interest you the most Consider how your concepts relate to specific populations/groups, specific events, time, location

Question 42

Practical research

Answer 42

about who , where and when and what and why and how often point toward unmet demands for descriptive studies needs assessment program evaluations

Question 43

keyword

Answer 43

is a word a MeSH term described in the following paragraph or a short phrase that can be used in a database search

Question 44

MESH

Answer 44

is a vocabulary thesaurus that can be used for Medline and other health scientific databases

Question 45

exposure

Answer 45

is a personal characteristic behavior , environmental encounter or intervention that might change the likelihood of developing a health condition

Question 46

risk factor

Answer 46

is an exposure that increases an individual likelihood of subsequently experiencing a particular disease of outcome

Question 47

protective factor

Answer 47

is an exposure that reduces an individual's likelihood of subsequently experiencing a particular disease or outcome.

Question 48

Nonmodifiable risk factor

Answer 48

is a risk factor for a disease that cannot be charged through health interventions

Question 49

Modifiable risk factor

Answer 49

is a risk factor for a disease that can be avoided or mitigated

Question 50

primary prevention

Answer 50

is a encompasses health behaviors and other protective actions that can help you keep an adverse health event from occurring in people who do not already have conditions

Question 51

secondary prevention

Answer 51

is the detection of health problems individuals in asymptomatic individuals at an early stage when the conditions have not yet caused significant damage to the body and that it can br treated easily.

Question 52

tertiary prevention

Answer 52

consists of interventions that reduce impairment minimize pain and suffering and prevent death in people with symptomatic health problems

Question 53

outcome

Answer 53

is an observed event such as the presence of a disease in a participant in an observational study or the measured point in an experimental study

Question 54

disease

Answer 54

defined as the presence of signs or symptoms of poor health

Question 55

disorder

Answer 55

is a functional impairment that may or may not be characterized by measurable structural or physiological changes

Question 56

mortality

Answer 56

deaths or the particular outcome of interest associated with a disease

Question 57

mordity

Answer 57

nonfatal illness 

Question 58

commodity

Answer 58

is two or more adverse health conditions occurring at the same time Population is a group of individuals communities or organizations.

Question 59

EDPs exposure

Answer 59

diseases or other health related outcomes and populations can be combined to form potential study questions using a standard format

Question 60

Evidence based medicine

Answer 60

uses the results of rigorous research studies to optimize the clinical decision making

Question 61

literature review

Answer 61

related to the candidate question will assist the researcher in determining what is already known about the topic and what new information a new study can contribute

Question 62

evidence based practice

Answer 62

I used in a variety of fields to encourage experienced professionals to integrate research into their decision making process

Question 63

Scholarship of teaching and learning

Answer 63

the process of using systematic investigators to improv the quality of education

Question 64

Treatability

Answer 64

is the ability of a research question to be answered using experiments or other types of measurement

Question 65

inquiry

Answer 65

is the process of finding answers to questions that arise from personal experiences

Question 66

picot

Answer 66

what is the patient or population group , what is the intervention that will be tested

Question 67

identifying key words

Answer 67

relate synonyms for your terms Use BOOLEAN operators to connect all of the key words for your search

Question 68

developing key words

Answer 68

step 1:Explore Topic Concepts Related to EDP

Question 69

population

Answer 69

a group of individuals, communities, or organizations

Question 70

informal sources

Answer 70

potential areas of inquiry, read files or non technical documents

Question 71

statistical report

Answer 71

estimated prevalence and disease exposure

Question 72

vital statistics

Answer 72

are population level measurements related to birth and deaths and other demographic characteristics

Question 73

abstract

Answer 73

is an one paragraph summary of the article or chapter or book

Question 74

abstract database

Answer 74

is a collection of abstracts that allows researchers to search for articles using keywords or other short term

Question 75

pub med

Answer 75

a service of the U.S National Library of medicine 30 million abstract articles

Question 76

European Pub Med

Answer 76

more extensive coverage on European and Canadian Journals

Question 77

Some are products that are provided by companies that produce and manage and distribute online journal articles are

Answer 77

EBSCO JSTOR LexisNexis - business and law ProQuest

Question 78

internal validity

Answer 78

evidence of a study measured what it is intended to measure

Question 79

external validity

Answer 79

which is the likelihood of the results of a study with internal validity can be generalized into other populations

Question 80

Generability

Answer 80

means that the results of one study are applicable to a broader target audience

Question 81

annoted bibliography

Answer 81

which is a list of related publications that includes at minimum full reference brief summary of the article note about the resources revelance

Question 82

originality

Answer 82

describes the aspect of the research project that are novel and will allow to make a unique combination of healthcare literature

Question 83

replicability

Answer 83

means that a study protocol has been implemented in a new study population should generate new results

Question 84

replication studies

Answer 84

repeat a study protocol in an new population as part of attempting to confirm that the original findings were not due to chance

Question 85

gaps in literature

Answer 85

missing pieces of information in the science body of knowledge that a new study could fill

Question 86

researchers finding articles

Answer 86

find pertinent articles by searching electronic databases looking at the reference list identified and determined helpful

Question 87

best article citator

Answer 87

present results and results and relevance to a new study

Question 88

retraction

Answer 88

is the removal of a published article from an accepted scientific literature due to major errors or author misconduct

Question 89

erratum

Answer 89

is a published correction to a minor error in a article that was introduced during the publication process

Question 90

corrigendum

Answer 90

is a published correction to a mirror error in an article caused by the author rather then the publisher

Question 91

formal sources

Answer 91

scholarly works that were critically reviewed before being disseminated by a publishing group format

Question 92

informal sources

Answer 92

like webpages and factsheets and blogs and podcasts and other types of information not peer reviewed and not formally published should never be cited in formal research topics

Question 93

specific knowledge

Answer 93

information that is specific to a particular study such as a particular statistic or laboratory

Question 94

common - general knowledge

Answer 94

refers to information that should be familiar to a typical person working in that research area

Question 95

plagiarism

Answer 95

is the use of someone's else's ideas words or images or creative work without attribution

Question 96

APA style

Answer 96

citation and reference style used in social sciences and nursing journals

Question 97

AMA style

Answer 97

medical and health science journals

Question 98

house style

Answer 98

particular journal or publisher requirements for spelling and citation style and other formatting details

Question 99

digital object identifier

Answer 99

code assigned to a document by a registration body to allow quick online access to the document or its abstract

Question 100

abstract

Answer 100

is a paragraph length summary of the report

Question 101

internal validity

Answer 101

of a study the evidence that a study measured what it is intended to measure

Question 102

external validity

Answer 102

likelihood that the results of a study with internal validity can be associated with population and place and time

Question 103

annotated biography

Answer 103

list if related publications which includes a full reference for each document being reviewed and a brief and a summary of the article or report

Question 104

practical plan of action

Answer 104

reread the abstract and look carefully at the tables or figures review the reference for any additional sources added

Question 105

originality

Answer 105

describes the aspects of a new research project that are novel and will allow it to be unique combinations of literature

Question 106

replicability

Answer 106

study protocol implemented in a new study population should generate results similar to those of the study and inclusion criteria

Question 107

replication studies

Answer 107

can repeat a study protocol in a new population as part of attempting to confirm that the original findings were not due to change

Question 108

research inquiry

Answer 108

determine the most important key terms within your research topic - create synonyms for your topic exposure and disease population the basic research papers.

Question 109

exposure

Answer 109

key characteristic's health behavior

Question 110

population

Answer 110

a group of individuals communities or research

Question 111

conducting literature reviews

Answer 111

allows you to embed your research within the wider scientific literature refine your research questions and incorporate finding from previous research - often emerges from an annotated bibliography and briefly summarize the ideas

Question 112

spread sheet list

Answer 112

extract the most relevant info from articles

Question 113

statistical reports

Answer 113

for demographic and socioeconomic and environmental data reports from national governments are often a good source of up to data information

Question 114

critical reading

Answer 114

initial reading the plan and re read the abstract - look at the tables and figures which usually display the most important results

Question 115

gaps in the literature

Answer 115

areas of a topic that has not been explored or underexplored may include but not limited population size and location and type research methods - quant or qual , mixed data analysis and technique study variables - identifying a gap doesn't mean your research is not worthy of exploration your work should contribute to the field in meaning

Question 116

purposiveness

Answer 116

the principle that research projects should be designed to answer one or more well defined research question

Question 117

conceptual framework

Answer 117

a model that a researcher sketches using boxes and arrows to illustrate the various relationships that will be evaluated during a study

Question 118

Theoretical framework

Answer 118

a set of established models in the published literature that can inform the components and flows of the conceptual framework for a new research study. Draws on existing models in the literature to explain key relationships. (Health Belief Model, Transtheoretical model, Social Ecological Model etc...) *You should have a rationale for the theory or conceptual framework that you are using for your study*

Question 119

health belief model

Answer 119

considers health behavior change to be a function of perceived susceptibility to an adverse health outcome, perceived severity of the disease, perceived benefits of behavior change, perceived barriers to change, cues to action, and self-efficacy

Question 120

Scio ecological model

Answer 120

considers individual health and health behaviors to be a function of the social environment, which includes intrapersonal (individual), interpersonal, institutional (organizational), community, and public policy dimensions

Question 121

How is the theory applied

Answer 121

When you apply theory, your framework should be guiding multiple of the following when possible: * Specific aims and research questions * Data collection methods * Outcomes assessed * Data analysis * Reporting of results

Question 122

Data collection methods:

Answer 122

theory suggests a mixed methods approach, defines each construct measured

Question 123

data analysis

Answer 123

defines relationships between constructs, type of analyses conducted

Question 124

Reporting of results

Answer 124

asset-based approach, measurement for each pathway

Question 125

the theoretical framework can report on the following

Answer 125

Data collection methods: constructs measured * Data analysis: informed a priori codebook, and thematic analysis * Reporting of results: reported based on model format

Question 126

start

Answer 126

Start with a purpose statement (why do you want to do the research?

Question 127

Identify

Answer 127

Next identify one clear overarching study goal (measurable) or main study question