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Enviromental science chapter 1 -5-10 > HSC 355 assessment 1 > Flashcards

HSC 355 assessment 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Research

A

is defined as a
systematic study directed toward fuller
scientific knowledge or understanding of
the subject studied
- Textbook definition-is the
process of systematically and carefully
investigating a subject in order to
discover new insights about the world.

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2
Q

Health research

A

the
investigation of health and
disease or any of the factors
that contribute to the presence
or absence of physical, mental,
and social health among
individuals, families,
communities, nations, or the
world population

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3
Q

population health research

A

involves humans as the unit of
investigation. Examines
outcomes at the community,
regional, national, and
worldwide level.

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4
Q

basic scientific research

A

Often done in a lab
* Strongly tied to scientific rigor
* Commonly includes: cell biology,
immunology, biochemistry,
pharmacology, microbiology, and
genetics

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5
Q

clinical research

A

Evaluates the best
ways to prevent,
diagnose, and treat
adverse health issues
that affect individuals
and families
* Involves people

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6
Q

observational studies

A

that aim to identify and analyze patterns in medical data or biological samples

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7
Q

clinical research

A

also called intervention studies tests the safety and effectiveness of medical interventions , medications and procedures and tools

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8
Q

determinants of health

A

are the biological behavioral and social environmental and political factors that influences the health status of individuals and populations

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9
Q

medicine

A

the practice of preventing and diagnosing and treating health problems in individuals and families example clinicians

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10
Q

translational research

A

The goal is to move research
from the laboratory (basic
science) to human study,
practice, or the field more
efficiently.
applying scientific discoveries to improve clinical outcomes

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11
Q

population health

A

focuses on the health outcomes and determinants of health in a group of humans

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12
Q

Public health

A

consists of the actions taken to promote health and prevent illness injuries and early deaths at a population levels

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13
Q

demography

A

the study of the size and composition of the populations and of population dynamics such as birth and death rates

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14
Q

applied research

A

designed to solve practical problems and the issue is known short leads to action

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15
Q

Community based participatory research

A

is research conducted by and for
those most directly affected by the issue,
condition, situation, or intervention being
studied or evaluated.

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16
Q

How do you institute
carry out CBPR

A

You recruit a community research team.
* You orient and train the research team.
* The team determines the questions the
research or evaluation will try to answer.
* The team plans and structures the
research activity.
* As a team, you carry out your plan.
The team prepares and presents a report and
recommendations.
* You take or try to bring about appropriate
action.
* You evaluate the process.
* You provide an opportunity for team members to
reflect on and discuss their learning and the
effects of the experience.
* You maintain gains by keeping team members
involved.
How do you institute and
carry out CBPR?

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17
Q

lead researcher

A

as the researcher who will do the majority of the work and supported by several other contributors such as assistants or senior specialists

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18
Q

senior researcher

A

an experienced researcher who guides the work of a newer investigator

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19
Q

Research in Health education and promotion

A

. needs assessment
. risk assessments
.Health disparities
.health literacy
. program development and evaluation
. community based participatory research
journey and assets mapping
. translational research
. Clinical research
. population health research

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20
Q

Main purpose of research

A

Generate knowledge that improves practice
Has benefits to a broader community/society

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21
Q

main purpose of practice

A

Prevent disease, injury, or other conditions
and/or promote the health of a particular
community. Data collected is essential to program/service
assessment, improvement, and/or community
health

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22
Q

Common elements

A

Use systematic methods.
Based on scientific evidence.
Might use epidemiological study design.
Might involve the collection and assessment of
personally identifiable and protected health
information.
Might involve statistical analysis of data.
Might result in publication of findings
Might contribute to generalizable knowledge.
Might involve hypothesis testing.

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23
Q

Research process

A

Identify study question
.select study approach
.design study and collect data
.analyze data
. report findings

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24
Q

mentorship

A

a formal or
informal relationship in
which an experienced
mentor offers professional
development advice and
guidance to a less
experienced mentee

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25
Q

interprofessional

A

the ability to work and communicate well with colleagues in different practice areas in order to achieve a shared goals

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26
Q

principle investigator

A

identifies two or more individuals who share responsibility for the conduct of the project.

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27
Q

co investigators

A

used to indicate the individual makes significant contributions, but does not have overall responsibility and authority for the project.

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28
Q

Program
Director

A

responsible for ongoing management on behalf of the SRO to ensure that desired programme outcomes and objectives are delivered.

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29
Q

coordinator

A

recruit and screen participants, coordinate the day-to-day running of the trials, collect data, and produce reports.

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30
Q

Research
Assistants

A

supports research projects by conducting literature searches, data management and maintaining files for project

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31
Q

Data
Collectors

A

enter information into a database and ensure that your data collection sources are accurate

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32
Q

evaluator

A

provide objective, evidence-based information that helps decision-makers and stakeholders improve program effectiveness and efficiency.

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33
Q

Biostatistician

A

the application of statistical techniques to scientific research in health-related fields, including medicine, biology, and public health

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34
Q

continuing education

A

the completion of approved learning activities in order to maintain a professional licensure or credential to understanding new discoveries in one field

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35
Q

bibliometric

A

quantitative analyses of publications and citations

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36
Q

h index

A

bibliometric that indicates that an author has at least h publications that has been cited at least h time

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37
Q

10th index

A

count of the number of publications by an author that has been cited at least 10 times

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38
Q

Responsible conduct of research

A

a concept that encompasses research ethnics , professionalism and best practices for collaboration and communication with other researcher

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39
Q

Methods for exploring research topics

A

brainstorming- helps to create a long list of research topics
concept mapping -helps to identify central themes that might be worth exploring. It is a visual method for listing ideas and then
grouping them to reveal relationships

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40
Q

How to brainstorm

A

Make a list of any research
topic of interest to you
Do not erase ideas or correct
ideas
When done review your list
Circle the top 3 ideas
Star the one you are most
passionate about

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41
Q

how to create a concept map

A

Choose one central concept &
write it at the center of your
paper
Use arrows to connect sub-
concepts to your central concept
For each sub-concept, create a
list of related themes
Put an asterisk by the
relationship(s) that interest you
the most
Consider how your concepts relate to specific
populations/groups, specific events, time, location

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42
Q

Practical research

A

about who , where and when and what and why and how often point toward unmet demands for descriptive studies needs assessment program evaluations

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43
Q

keyword

A

is a word a MeSH term described in the following paragraph or a short phrase that can be used in a database search

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44
Q

MESH

A

is a vocabulary thesaurus that can be used for Medline and other health scientific databases

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45
Q

exposure

A

is a personal characteristic behavior , environmental encounter or intervention that might change the likelihood of developing a health condition

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46
Q

risk factor

A

is an exposure that increases an individual likelihood of subsequently experiencing a particular disease of outcome

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47
Q

protective factor

A

is an exposure that reduces an individual’s likelihood of subsequently experiencing a particular disease or outcome.

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48
Q

Nonmodifiable risk factor

A

is a risk factor for a disease that cannot be charged through health interventions

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49
Q

Modifiable risk factor

A

is a risk factor for a disease that can be avoided or mitigated

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50
Q

primary prevention

A

is a encompasses health behaviors and other protective actions that can help you keep an adverse health event from occurring in people who do not already have conditions

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51
Q

secondary prevention

A

is the detection of health problems individuals in asymptomatic individuals at an early stage when the conditions have not yet caused significant damage to the body and that it can br treated easily.

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52
Q

tertiary prevention

A

consists of interventions that reduce impairment minimize pain and suffering and prevent death in people with symptomatic health problems

53
Q

outcome

A

is an observed event such as the presence of a disease in a participant in an observational study or the measured point in an experimental study

54
Q

disease

A

defined as the presence of signs or symptoms of poor health

55
Q

disorder

A

is a functional impairment that may or may not be characterized by measurable structural or physiological changes

56
Q

mortality

A

deaths or the particular outcome of interest associated with a disease

57
Q

mordity

A

nonfatal illness

58
Q

commodity

A

is two or more adverse health conditions occurring at the same time

Population is a group of individuals communities or organizations.

59
Q

EDPs exposure

A

diseases or other health related outcomes and populations can be combined to form potential study questions using a standard format

60
Q

Evidence based medicine

A

uses the results of rigorous research studies to optimize the clinical decision making

61
Q

literature review

A

related to the candidate question will assist the researcher in determining what is already known about the topic and what new information a new study can contribute

62
Q

evidence based practice

A

I used in a variety of fields to encourage experienced professionals to integrate research into their decision making process

63
Q

Scholarship of teaching and learning

A

the process of using systematic investigators to improv the quality of education

64
Q

Treatability

A

is the ability of a research question to be answered using experiments or other types of measurement

65
Q

inquiry

A

is the process of finding answers to questions that arise from personal experiences

66
Q

picot

A

what is the patient or population group , what is the intervention that will be tested

67
Q

identifying key words

A

relate synonyms for
your terms
Use BOOLEAN operators
to connect all of the key
words for your search

68
Q

developing key words

A

step 1:Explore Topic Concepts
Related to EDP

69
Q

population

A

a group of individuals,
communities, or organizations

70
Q

informal sources

A

potential areas of inquiry, read files or non technical documents

71
Q

statistical report

A

estimated prevalence and disease exposure

72
Q

vital statistics

A

are population level measurements related to birth and deaths and other demographic characteristics

73
Q

abstract

A

is an one paragraph summary of the article or chapter or book

74
Q

abstract database

A

is a collection of abstracts that allows researchers to search for articles using keywords or other short term

75
Q

pub med

A

a service of the U.S National Library of medicine 30 million abstract articles

76
Q

European Pub Med

A

more extensive coverage on European and Canadian Journals

77
Q

Some are products that are provided by companies that produce and manage and distribute online journal articles are

A

EBSCO
JSTOR
LexisNexis - business and law
ProQuest

78
Q

internal validity

A

evidence of a study measured what it is intended to measure

79
Q

external validity

A

which is the likelihood of the results of a study with internal validity can be generalized into other populations

80
Q

Generability

A

means that the results of one study are applicable to a broader target audience

81
Q

annoted bibliography

A

which is a list of related publications that includes at minimum
full reference
brief summary of the article
note about the resources revelance

82
Q

originality

A

describes the aspect of the research project that are novel and will allow to make a unique combination of healthcare literature

83
Q

replicability

A

means that a study protocol has been implemented in a new study population should generate new results

84
Q

replication studies

A

repeat a study protocol in an new population as part of attempting to confirm that the original findings were not due to chance

85
Q

gaps in literature

A

missing pieces of information in the science body of knowledge that a new study could fill

86
Q

researchers finding articles

A

find pertinent articles by searching electronic databases
looking at the reference list identified and determined helpful

87
Q

best article citator

A

present results and results and relevance to a new study

88
Q

retraction

A

is the removal of a published article from an accepted scientific literature due to major errors or author misconduct

89
Q

erratum

A

is a published correction to a minor error in a article that was introduced during the publication process

90
Q

corrigendum

A

is a published correction to a mirror error in an article caused by the author rather then the publisher

91
Q

formal sources

A

scholarly works that were critically reviewed before being disseminated by a publishing group format

92
Q

informal sources

A

like webpages and factsheets and blogs and podcasts and other types of information not peer reviewed and not formally published should never be cited in formal research topics

93
Q

specific knowledge

A

information that is specific to a particular study such as a particular statistic or laboratory

94
Q

common - general knowledge

A

refers to information that should be familiar to a typical person working in that research area

95
Q

plagiarism

A

is the use of someone’s else’s ideas words or images or creative work without attribution

96
Q

APA style

A

citation and reference style used in social sciences and nursing journals

97
Q

AMA style

A

medical and health science journals

98
Q

house style

A

particular journal or publisher requirements for spelling and citation style and other formatting details

99
Q

digital object identifier

A

code assigned to a document by a registration body to allow quick online access to the document or its abstract

100
Q

abstract

A

is a paragraph length summary of the report

101
Q

internal validity

A

of a study the evidence that a study measured what it is intended to measure

102
Q

external validity

A

likelihood that the results of a study with internal validity can be associated with population and place and time

103
Q

annotated biography

A

list if related publications which includes a full reference for each document being reviewed and a brief and a summary of the article or report

104
Q

practical plan of action

A

reread the abstract and look carefully at the tables or figures
review the reference for any additional sources added

105
Q

originality

A

describes the aspects of a new research project that are novel and will allow it to be unique combinations of literature

106
Q

replicability

A

study protocol implemented in a new study population should generate results similar to those of the study and inclusion criteria

107
Q

replication studies

A

can repeat a study protocol in a new population as part of attempting to confirm that the original findings were not due to change

108
Q

research inquiry

A

determine the most important key terms within your research topic
- create synonyms for your topic
exposure and disease population the basic research papers.

109
Q

exposure

A

key characteristic’s health behavior

110
Q

population

A

a group of individuals communities or research

111
Q

conducting literature reviews

A

allows you to embed your research within the wider scientific literature
refine your research questions and incorporate finding from previous research
- often emerges from an annotated bibliography and briefly summarize the ideas

112
Q

spread sheet list

A

extract the most relevant info from articles

113
Q

statistical reports

A

for demographic and socioeconomic and environmental data reports from national governments are often a good source of up to data information

114
Q

critical reading

A

initial reading the plan and re read the abstract
- look at the tables and figures which usually display the most important results

115
Q

gaps in the literature

A

areas of a topic that has not been explored or underexplored
may include but not limited
population size and location and type
research methods - quant or qual , mixed
data analysis and technique
study variables
- identifying a gap doesn’t mean your research is not worthy of exploration your work should contribute to the field in meaning

116
Q

purposiveness

A

the principle that research projects should be designed to answer one or more well defined research question

117
Q

conceptual framework

A

a model that a researcher
sketches using boxes and arrows to illustrate the
various relationships that will be evaluated during a
study

118
Q

Theoretical framework

A

a set of established models
in the published literature that can inform the
components and flows of the conceptual framework for
a new research study. Draws on existing models in the
literature to explain key relationships. (Health Belief
Model, Transtheoretical model, Social Ecological Model
etc…)
You should have a rationale for the theory or conceptual framework that you
are using for your study

119
Q

health belief model

A

considers health behavior change to be a
function of perceived susceptibility to an
adverse health outcome, perceived
severity of the disease, perceived benefits
of behavior change, perceived barriers to
change, cues to action, and self-efficacy

120
Q

Scio ecological model

A

considers
individual health and health behaviors to
be a function of the social environment,
which includes intrapersonal (individual),
interpersonal, institutional
(organizational), community, and public
policy dimensions

121
Q

How is the theory applied

A

When you apply theory,
your framework should
be guiding multiple of the
following when possible:
* Specific aims and
research questions
* Data collection
methods
* Outcomes assessed
* Data analysis
* Reporting of results

122
Q

Data collection methods:

A

theory
suggests a mixed methods approach,
defines each construct measured

123
Q

data analysis

A

defines relationships
between constructs, type of analyses
conducted

124
Q

Reporting of results

A

asset-based
approach, measurement for each pathway

125
Q

the theoretical framework can report on the following

A

Data collection methods: constructs
measured
* Data analysis: informed a priori
codebook, and thematic analysis
* Reporting of results: reported based
on model format

126
Q

start

A

Start with a purpose
statement (why do you
want to do the research?

127
Q

Identify

A

Next identify one clear
overarching study goal
(measurable) or main study
question

128
Q
A

Enviromental science chapter 1 -5-10 (6 decks)

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