Sociology exam 3

Question 1

social reproduction

Answer 1

the process by which society maintains an enduring character from generation to generation

Question 2

power elite

Answer 2

a small group of interconnected people who occupy top positions in important institutions

Question 3

social capital

Answer 3

number of people we know and the resources they can offer us

Question 4

interlocks

Answer 4

board directors who accept positions on the boards of two or more companies

Question 5

social closure

Answer 5

a process by which about age groups preserve opportunities for themselves while restricting them for others

Question 6

cultural capital

Answer 6

symbolic resources that communicates one social status

Question 7

objectified

Answer 7

material things

If you decorate your walls with modern art, visitors might think you’re a sophisticated person.

Question 8

institutional

Answer 8

.organizational endorsements

If you’re chosen for an internship at Vogue, the fashion industry will be more likely to consider you an insider.

Question 9

embodied

Answer 9

the body and its capacities

If you can play golf, you might get an invitation to spend some quality time with the CEO.

Question 10

fit

Answer 10

the feeling that our particular mix of cultural capital matches our social contact

Question 11

cultural hegemony

Answer 11

power maintain primarily by persuasion

Question 12

collectivism

Answer 12

the idea that people are independents actors with responsibilities primarily to the group

Question 13

xenophobia.

Answer 13

prejudice against people defined as foreign

Question 14

What is the difference between the pluralist theory of power and the elite theory of power?

Answer 14

pluralist theory of power - U.s politics is characterized by competing groups that works together to achieve their goals.
elite power- the idea that a small group of networked individuals controls the most powerful positions in our social institution

Question 15

How do the power elite maintain their control by coordinating their cooperation across social institutions?

Answer 15

power elite to maintain and expand their influence over various spheres of trying to maintaining their dominance and control over key social institutions.

Question 16

How was the opioid addiction crisis caused by the connections of the power elite?

Answer 16

The DEA was tasked with enforcing the laws on the drug distribution but many of them try to preserve relationships Purdue Pharma.
Pharmaceutical companies had spent 102 million dollars on trying to lobby congress and got the bill passed in 2016

Question 17

Explain the ethnographic research method.

Answer 17

also called participant observation, is a research method that involves careful observation of naturally occurring social interaction, often as a participant. Ethnographers spend months or years in the field, the place or places where they conduct participant observation.

Question 18

How is coercion, as a form of exercising power, different from persuasion? Which one of the two strategies are used by leaders to make populations accept their rule (What is their plan A and plan B)?

Answer 18

coercion is acting in a overly aggressive ways. telling people what to do
Persuasion - convincing people to agree to conditions they might otherwise oppose.
offering any financial incentives and constructing a dangerous enemy, constructing solider as hero’s

Question 19

What are hegemonic ideologies and what are some hegemonic ideologies in the U.S.?

Answer 19

hegemonic ideologies are shared ideas how human life should be organized that are used to manufacture our consent to existing social conditions.
Some of the hegemonic ideologies in the U.S is that of the American Dream that many people can find employment opportunities

Question 20

How is the media responsible for enforcing hegemonic ideologies and how are elites responsible for reinforcing these ideologies?

Answer 20

Journalists can unconsciously facilitate the ideological hegemony by the way they use cultural categories and symbols. Further, reporters are inclined to choose and report those issues that are favorable to the dominant ideology and the status quo.

Question 21

What is individualism and how is it related to Durkheim’s theory of solidarity (mechanical versus organic solidarity)?

Answer 21

the idea that people are independent actors responsible primarily for themselves. This is relating to Durkheim’s theory of solidarity is because organic solidarity is When everyone needs everyone else to do their part, he posited, we find ways to get along, even if our different roles make us very different indeed.
mechanical solidarity - the kind of social cohesion that comes from familiarity and similarity

Question 22

What are the positive and negative consequences of individualism?

Answer 22

positive consequence - boosts self-confidence, promotes individual excellence and enhances creativity,
negative consequence - but it may also lead to resistance to #change, lack of cooperation and increased conflicts.

Question 23

social change

Answer 23

shifts in our shared ideas , interactions and institutions

Question 24

collective action

Answer 24

the coordinated activities of members of a group with shared goals

Question 25

social movement

Answer 25

persistent organized collective action meant to promote or oppose soical changes

Question 26

interdependent power

Answer 26

the noncooperation

Question 27

repertoire of contention

Answer 27

shared activities widely recognized as expression of dissatisfaction with social condition

Question 28

insurgent consciousness

Answer 28

a recognition of a shared grievance that can be addressed through a collective action.

Question 29

moral shock

Answer 29

a cognitive and emotional process that encourages participation.

Question 30

collective action problem

Answer 30

the challenges of getting large groups of people to act in coordinated ways

Question 31

counter frames

Answer 31

frames meant to challenge an existing social movements frame

Question 32

counter-movements

Answer 32

persistent organized collective action meant to resist social movements

Question 33

critical event

Answer 33

a sudden and dramatic occurrence that motivates non activists to become politically active

Question 34

interest convergence.

Answer 34

the alignment of the interests of activates and elites

Question 35

What are the two steps involved in socially constructing a social problem

Answer 35

First, we must define a state of affairs as harmful. Second, we must convincingly claim that the harm requires a cultural or institutional solution instead of a personal or interpersonal one.

Question 36

What is the collective action problem and what would it take to overcome it?

Answer 36

the challenge of getting large groups of people to act in coordinated ways. Leadership , mechanisms of communication , inspiration ,and even shifts in our thinking and interaction depend.

Question 37

What does the example of the Montgomery Bus Boycott tell us about what makes a movement successful and watch challenges activists face?

Answer 37

it tells us that they first had to socially construct the problem. Churches were not only useful on a practical level; they were inspirational as well. In many of these spaces, Black people learned a liberation theology. Second, the Black people of Montgomery had to realize that they had power. they surmised, the Black community had substantial interdependent power

Question 38

What is required for a successful social movement?
(Explain the importance of organizational strength, political networks, standing, and framing)

Answer 38

organizational strength, ideas and their spokespersons, and structures of opportunity. Organizational strength - A burgeoning activist group can write a mission statement, build a website, and begin spreading its message through social networks.
Pollical networks - This gives social movements greater fundraising opportunities and voice.
Standing -People with relevant expertise or experience are sometimes given standing, as are respected celebrities, religious figures, and public intellectuals.
framing -a succinct claim as to the nature of a social fact.

Question 39

what are countermovement and counter frames

Answer 39

persistent organized collective meant to resists social movements
counter frames - ones meant to challenge an existing social movement’s frame.
frame wars -battles over whether a social fact is a social problem and what kind of problem it is. The abortion debate is an example of just such a battle.

Question 40

What are factors external to social movements that impact the success of the movements? In other words, what are political, cultural, and economic opportunities and constraints?

Answer 40

politicial -includes strengths and weaknesses in the existing political system that shape the options available to social movement actors.
cultural opportunity structure- cultural ideas, objects, practices, or bodies that create or constrain activist strategies.
economic opportunity structure - a phrase that refers to the role of money in enabling or limiting a movement’s operations and influence. For one, consider a movement’s base.

Question 41

globalization

Answer 41

the processes that are expanding and intensifying connections across national states

Question 42

cultural hybridization

Answer 42

the production of ideas and objects and practices and bodies influenced by two or more cultures

Question 43

colonialism

Answer 43

a practice in which countries claim control over territories and the people in them and their natural resources and then exploit them for their economic gain

Question 44

global commodity chains.

Answer 44

a transnational economics process that involves extracting natural resources and transforming them into goods and marketing and distributing them to consumers

Question 45

What are transnational corporations and how do they shape global power relations?

Answer 45

world capitalism supports transitional corporations one that does businesses in multiple countries.
These businesses take advantage of the same resources exploited by colonizing countries (human and natural) and the ease of international transportation (enabled by fossil fuels, the internet, and related technologies).
They are based in the richest countries
. They also have government organizations United Nations and European Union
. non government organizations - Red Cross

Question 46

Why do sociologists argue that we are no longer living in a nation-state system, but in a world system?

Answer 46

national state system- one consisting of self contained territories
. no longer have companies of their own but has a world economy
. World system - one characterized by global market that is part of the capitalist economy

Question 47

What has caused global warming and what are the harms caused by the climate crisis?

Answer 47

global warming is the result of an anthropogenic or human caused climate change especially the burning of fossil fuels that are releasing gases chlorofluorocarbons carbon dioxide

What are the harms caused by climate change
. As countries struggle to adapt to climate change, global economic crises will escalate.30 Rising seas, creeping deserts, and water and food shortages are forcing human migrations that nation-states are not prepared to absorb
. peripheral and semi-peripheral countries will bear the brunt of these harms.32 They’re island nations, in the arctic or near the equator, or on parts of the planet prone to floods or drought.

Question 47

What is the world system theory (what are core, periphery, and semi-periphery countries)?

Answer 47

that suggests there is a world economic system in which some countries benefit while others are exploited.
Periphery: world economy including previously colonized regions and they contribute mostly natural resources and physical labor to the world economy
core countries: Include Japan and the United States and Canada are the nation states and the countries are mostly being control of most transitional government organizations
Semi periphery countries - Russia , South Africa and some countries in Asia and Latin America and like South Korea and Mexico. They struggle to fall into the periphery when they can and compete with richer countries.

Question 47

What were the measures taken by the global power elite to block efforts for environmental protection? (The corporate climate countermovement)

Answer 47

. formed alliances on companies that depend on fossil fuels and members of the global power elite in order to sponsor free market capitalism
. framed climate change as a disputed scientific theory and threats to economic prosperity.

Question 47

What are transnational social movements and how do they operate and grow?

Answer 47

transnational social movements is that it coordinates activism through more than one country
brought together by media
participants increasing from semi peripheral countries and peripheral countries

Question 48

What is institutionalized global environmental racism?

Answer 48

Human-caused climate change, then, is institutionalized global environmental racism. Those least responsible for the emissions of greenhouse gases disproportionately poor, previously colonized, non-White, and indigenous—will pay the steepest price.

Question 48

Why is it argued that climate activism is global?

Answer 48

is causing loss of lives, livelihoods, language, and culture, putting many at risk of food and water shortages, and triggering displacement and conflict.
. young people are engaging in activism , we see activists on trying to engage across nations and they did so transitionally

Question 48

What would it take to stop climate change?

Answer 48

what would it take to stop climate change is to stop and reverse the runaway greenhouse effect and we need to emit fewer gases and absorb more
We can do this by trying to reduce energy consumption and protecting nature and buy local produce

Question 49

What were the characteristics of the global climate strike of 2019 and what were its impacts

Answer 49

An organized protest that had happened during the same day as the UN climate summit in New York
. it was an international school walkout with students participating from Pacific island , India and South Africa and Ghana and Finland
The day after the protest about 16 children from 12 countries trying to file a land compliant to the United Nations on how climate change is the violation of the convention of the rights of child which was a treaty that is used by 140 countries
and it is a law that is acting as an well being of the child in mind