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HT LB U1 Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

study of tissues and focuses on cells structure and arrangement optimize functions specific to each organ

A

Histology

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2
Q

network of both cellular and noncellular materials, intermingled filaments, and fibers provided membranous linings

A

Tissues

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3
Q

Tools used for the collection of Specimen for Histologic Study

A
  • scalpels
  • needles
  • endoscopic tubes
  • special flexible cannulae
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4
Q

any given type of radiation cannot be used to probe on the structural details of an object with a size smaller than its wavelength

A

Microscopy

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5
Q

T/F The light rays are gathered into a focus beam by means of a condenser lens

A

True

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6
Q

uses lens to magnify objects

A

Light Microscopy

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7
Q

T/F The light source is an electric bulb with tungsten filament.

A

True

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8
Q

Types of Light Microscopes

A
  1. Bright-field Microscope
  2. Dark-field Microscope
  3. Phase Contrast Microscope
  4. Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) Microscope
  5. Fluorescence Microscope
  6. Confocal Microscope
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9
Q

Two Fundamental Types of Microscope

A
  1. Light Microscope - uses light
  2. Electron Microscope - uses electron beams
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10
Q

Types of Electron Microscopes

A
  1. Transmission Electron Microscope
  2. Scanning Electron Microscope
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11
Q

where light rays are focused at a specific place

A

Focal point

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12
Q

distance between center of lens and focal point

A

Focal length

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13
Q

T/F Shorter focal length > more magnification

A

True

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14
Q

microscope that produces a dark image against a brighter background

A

Bright-Field Microscope

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15
Q

remain in focus when objectives are changed

A

Parfocal microscopes

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16
Q

ocular lens + objective lens

A

Total magnification

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17
Q

ability of lens to separate or distinguish small objects that are close together

A

Microscopic Solution

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18
Q

distance between front surface of lens and surface of cover glass or specimen

A

Working Distance

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19
Q

Magnification of Objective Lenses

A
  1. Scanning - 4x
  2. Low Power - 10x
  3. High Power - 40x-45x
  4. Oil Immersion - 90-100x
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20
Q

Difference of Bright-Field and Dark-Field

A
  1. Bright Field - dark image against brighter background
  2. Dark-Field - bright image against dark background
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21
Q

convert differences in refractive index / cell density into detected variations in light intensity

A

Phase-Contrast Microscopy

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22
Q

creates image by detecting differences in refractive indices and thickness of different parts of specimen

A

Differential Interference Contrast Microscope (DIC) Microscope

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23
Q

exposes specimens to ultraviolet, violet, or blue light. Specimens are usually strained with fluorochromes

A

Fluorescence Microscope

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24
Q

creates sharp, composite 3D images of specimens by using laser beam, aperture to eliminate stray light, and computer interface

A

Confocal Microscope

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25
Electrons replace light as the illuminating beam
Electron Microscopy
26
Transmitted electrons are under vacuum which reduces scatter and are used to produce clear images
TEM
27
Morse Type. For TEM, specimens must be cut very thinly. Specimens are chemically fixed and strained with electron dense materials, such as heavy metals, that differentially scatter electrons.
Both T
28
Freeze specimen then fracture along lines of greatest weakness
Freeze-etching
29
Uses electrons excited from the surface of a specimen to create a detailed image
SEM
30
Rapid freezing technique provides way to preserve native of structures examined in vacuum
Electron Cryotomography
31
useful in the study of individual organelles
Cell Fractionation
32
physical and chemical properties of individual cells within a heterogenous population
Flow cytometry
33
visualization and interpretation of microscopic sections derived from cells and tissues
Enzyme Immunochemistry
34
demonstrates specific DNA or mRNA sequences and localization of genes within a specific chromosome or messenger RNA
In situ hybridization
35
most important step in the preparation of tissue specimens
Fixation
36
Type of Fixation that is routinely used with bacteria and archaea and preserves overall morphology but not internal structures
Heat Fixation
37
Type of Fixation that is used with larger, more delicate organisms and protects fine cellular substructure and morphology
Chemical Fixation
38
chemical compounds where tissues are composed in
Fixatives
39
Morse Type. Tissue processing is a long procedure and required ​24 hours​. Tissue processing can be done by manually or mechanically.
Both T
40
Tissues are dehydrated by using increasing strength of alcohol; e.g. 50%, 70%, 90% and 100%
Dehydration
41
alcohol should be replaced by paraffin wax
Clearing
42
tissue permeated with embedding medium
Wax Impregnation
43
plastic resin used in embedding tissue
Epon or araldite
44
process by which we give colour to a section
Staining
45
make internal and external structures of the cell more visible by increasing contrast with background
Dyes
46
Characteristics basic dyes
- positively charged groups - binds to negatively charged molecules - nucleic acids
47
Basic Dyes
Methylene Blue, Basic Fuchsin, Crystal Violet, Safranin, Malachite Green
48
Characteristics acidic dyes
- negatively charged - binds to positively charged cell structures
49
Acidic Dyes
Eosin, Rose Bengal, Acid Fuchsin
50
a single stain is used
Simple Stains
51
Divides microorganisms into groups based on their staining properties
Differential Staining
52
Two types of Differential Staining
1. Gram Stain : Crystal Violet, Safranin 2. Acid-fast Stain : Eosin, Rose Bengal
53
stain used to detect presence or absence of structures
Differential Stain
54
Particularly useful for staining members of the genus Mycobacterium
Acid-Fast Staining
55
T/F High Lipid content in cell walls (mycolic acid) is responsible for their staining characteristics.
True
56
Two Types of Dyes
1. Basophilic - Basic Dye 2. Acidophilic - Acid Dye
57
Common stain used
1. Hematoxylin - primary stain 2. Eosin - counterstain
58
Histotechniques
1. Numbering/Accessioning 2. Fixation 3. Dehydration 4. Clearing 5. Wax Impregnation 6. Embedding 7. Blocking and Trimming 8. Sectioning 9. Staining 10. Mounting 11. Labelling
59
This stain demonstrates glycogen
PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) ​Stain​
60
used for identification of amyloid
Congo-Red
61
used for fat staining
Sudan-Black
62
used for differentiation of connective tissue
Masson’s Trichrome
63
instrument used for sectioning
Microtome
64
method of localizing newly synthesized macromolecules in cells or tissue sections
Autoradiography
65
incorporated into specific macromolecules and emit weak radiation
Radioactive Isotopes
66
developed like a film on a slide with a cover slip and viewed under a light microscope
Emulsion
67
Localization of enzymes in a tissue sample
Enzyme Histochemistry
68
fixed or fresh specimens incubated with chemically labeled or enzymatically labeled antibodies to detect antigens
Immunohistochemistry
69
chemicals that absorb light of different wavelengths and then emit visible light of a specific wavelength
Fluorescent dyes
70
most common dye for Immunochemistry
Fluorescein
71
glycoproteins produced by a cell of the immune system
Antibodies
72
uses an antibody made against the tissue protein of interest and tagged directly with a label
Direct Immunocytochemistry
73
uses primary antibody and secondary antibody
Indirect Immunocytochemistry
74
DNA is a double helix chain and is going to be separated on each chains with the process raising the temperature to a sufficient amount of 95°C
Denaturing
75
Primase acts on the separated chains and reading it from an end to another
Annealing
76
Cells are grown in vitro (outside the body) to form explanted tissue or as long as cell lines
In Vitro Cultivation
77
Study of malignant or normal cells
Rationale

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