HT LC U1 Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
also called microscopic anatomy because of the small details that comprises that comprises the tissues
A
Histology
2
Q
study of tissues of the body and how they are arranged to constitute organs
A
Histology
3
Q
First to identify a tissue without the use of a microscope
A
Marie Bichat
4
Q
when and where the first microscopes were constructed
A
1500s, Netherlands
5
Q
actual inventor of microscope
A
Zacharias Janssen
6
Q
who invented the first microscope with high magnification and good image quality
A
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
7
Q
membrane bound structures within cells
A
Organelles
8
Q
How cells combine together with extracellular material and each other to form a tissue
A
Tissue structure
9
Q
How a cell is shaped, and how the components inside cells are organized to support that cells specific function
A
Cellular structure
10
Q
detailed analysis of organelles and inclusions
A
Sub-cellular structure
11
Q
molecular analysis of cellular structure
A
Histochemical structure
12
Q
special proteins called enzymes which enhances a chemical reaction
A
Catalysts
13
Q
particular structures (usually proteins) that can be synthesized by certain cells like plasma cells so they can produce antibodies which will be utilized by the lymphatic system to fight foreign bodies
A
Antigency
14
Q
credited with creating the first “histology” that was based on a detailed examination of tissues with the microscope
A
Friedrich Gustav Jacob Henle
15
Q
4 basic types of tissue
A
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous
16
Q
Characteristics of matrix
A
Rubber, stony or gelatinous
17
Q
begins as a single cell that divides into many cells that form layers
A
Embryo
18
Q
Difference of the Three Primary Germ Layers
A
- Ectoderem - outer; epidermis + nervous system
- Mesoderm - middle; forms mesenchyme, gives rise to muscle, bone and blood; connective tissues and muscle
- Endoderm - inner; mucous membranes and respiratory linings; GI tract and respiratory
19
Q
reduces a 3-dimensional structure to a 2-dimensional slice
A
Sectioning
20
Q
Difference of the 3 types of sections
A
- Longitudinal - along the longest direction of an organ
- Cross - perpendicular to the length of an organ
- Oblique - between cross and longitudinal
21
Q
Characteristics of epithelial tissue
A
- one or more layers of closely adhering cells
- top : flat sheet with upper apical surface
- bottom : sits on top of basement membrane
22
Q
Characteristics of Connective Tissue
A
- most abundant and variable tissue type
- consists of gelatinous (ground) and fibers with widely spaced cells
23
Q
Functions of Connective Tissue
A
binding of organs, support, protection movement, storage and transport
24
Q
Three types of muscle tissue
A
Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle
25
T/F Skeletal muscle completely depends on signaling from the nervous system to work properly.
TRUE
26
T/F Both cardiac and smooth muscle types can respond to other stimuli, such as hormones and local stimuli.
TRUE
27
Two types of cells which compose nervous tissue
Neurons and Glial Cells
28
Maintain the extracellular environment around neurons, improve signal conduction in neurons and protect them from pathogens
Glial Cells
29
T/F Staining patterns differ according to the histochemical properties which are brought about by the molecular structures that mainly make up a tissue
True
30
Small biologic entity capable of independent existence
Cell
31
Fertilized cell that undergoes a series of mitotic division and eventually differentiating to form a blastocyte to become a full human being
Zygote
32
Cell constructed by imagination to include parts which are found in the other cells
Hypothetical Cell
33
T/F A cell will not work well if it has only the essentials to support its functions and its existence
False
34
contains materials produced in the cell and formed by the Golgi apparatus
Organelles
35
site of ribosomes and messenger RNA synthesis and contains DNA
Nucleus
36
site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly
Nucleolus
37
site of aerobic respiration and major site of ATP synthesis
Mitochondria
38
Difference of 3 compartments of the mitochondria
Outer membrane
Inner membrane - cristae which consists of matrix
Mitochondrial matrix - sites of aerobic respiration where energy is produced
39
primary site of secretory protein synthesis and where many ribosomes are attached to
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
40
site of lipid biosynthesis , steroid hormone synthesis, intracellular calcium storage, and for detoxification of oxious metaabolites
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
41
Role of SER in the skeletal muscle and endocrine glands
Skeletal muscle - used for release and capture of calcium ions
Endocrine organs - synthesis of steroidal hormones
42
for protein synthesis
Ribosomes
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Two types of ribosomes
1. Fixed (Attached) - adheres to the members of the ER
2. Free (Polysomes) - free floating or scattered in the cytosol
44
contains enzymes that digest material taken into the cell and turnover cell components
Lysosome
45
Two types of Lysosomes
1. Primary lysosomes - small membrane bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes - quiet ones
2. Secondary lysosomes - formed by the fusion of primary lysosome & a phagocytized foreign body
46
supports the cytoplasm and forms components of cilia and flagella
Microtubules
47
specialized structure that increase surface area of certain cells
Microvilli
48
help organize the assembly of microtubules during cell division
Centrioles
49
modifies protein structure and packages proteins in secretory vesicles; involved in protein synthesis
Golgi Apparatus
50
3 parts of the Factory Assembly Line of Golgi A.
1. Cis Face - face and site of integration of vesicle from RER; entry site from ER (convex)
2. Medial or Intermediate Face - product manufactured in the RER
3. Trans Face of Golgi - maturing face; proteins transported to extracellular to CM or intracellular to organelles (concave)
51
Contains materials produced in the cell and formed by the golgi apparatus
Secretory Vesicles
52
For proper management of metabolic waste products of the cell
Peroxisome
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Transitory components of the cytoplasm and important for the normal functioning of the cell
Cytoplasmic deposits
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3 Cytoskeletal Components
1. Microfilaments - cell movement and endocytosis
2. Intermediate Filaments - structural function/support
3. Microtubules - development and maintenance of cell shape
55
permeability barrier that allows cell to maintain an interior composition far from the extracellular fluid
Cell Membrane
56
T/F The phospholipid bilayer has a hydrophobic head and a hydrophilic tail.
False
57
2 Proposed Structure of Cell Membrane
1. Trilaminar Structure - has bilipid layer sandwiched between two layers of protein
2. Fluid Mosaic Model - globular proteins are compared to icebergs floating on a sea of lipids
58
creates kinks and prevents close packing of hydrophobic tails
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
59
stabilize and regulate the fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer
Cholesterol
60
carbohydrate moieties functions as receptors or antigen
Glycolipids
61
3 Types of Membrane Proteins
1. Peripheral Proteins - found on the cytoplasmic side of the inner leaflet
2. Intrinsic/Integral Proteins - segment embedded in one of the leaflets with a lipid anchor
3. Transmembrane Protein - span the lipid bilayer; function on both sides of the bilayer
62
2 Layers of the Cell
1. Apical Region - faces lumen, connects to ducts and has channels (outer)
2. Basolateral Region - faces capillary containing tissue; cells attached to underlying connective tissue
63
T/F The functional molecules are those that can create proteins, cytoskeleton, and other organelles found in the cytoplasm.
True
64
contains code for all of cell's enzymes and the command/control center of the cell
Nucleus
65
separates the nucleoplasm and isa a double set of membranes with a narrow perinuclear space
Nuclear Envelope
66
penetrates the nuclear envelope and are large assemblies of nucleoporins
Nuclear Pore Complexes
67
intermediate filament subunits that support the nuclear envelope
Lamins
68
DNA organized into fibrous material
Chromatin
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chromatin fibers which coil up as separate structures
Chromosomes
70
double layered structure and has gaps
Nuclear Membrane
71
maintains the continuity oof transport of material between cytosol and nucleus
Nuclear Pore
72
segment of DNA that codes for a polypeptide or a particular protein
Human gene
73
combination of DNA and its associated proteins
Chromatin
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basic proteins that wraps around the DNA molecule
Histones
75
extra X chromosome in cells of female mammals
Barr body
76
Difference of Chromatin and Chromosome
Chromatin - coiled strands of DNA and associated histone protein
Chromosome - tightly packed DNA that are found during cell division
77
Components of chromatin
DNA, histones, DNA binding proteins, and RNA
78
Difference of Heterochromatin and Euchromatin
Heterochromatin - transcriptionally inactive; 10% chromatin
Euchromatin - transcriptionally active; 90% chromatin
79
Two Type of Heterochromatin
Constitutive - Stable heterochromatic; regions of Y chromosome
Facultative - Reversible heterochromatic state; regions of X chromosome
80
basophilic or eletron-dense area of chromatin localized where rRNA transcription and ribosomal subunits assembly occur
Nucleolus
81
Subregions of active nucleolus
Fibrillar - site of transcription
Granular - assembly of rRNA
82
important in maintenance of cell shape and plays a special role in tissue identification and disease diagnosis
Cytoskeleton
83
Four phases of the cell cycle
G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase, M Phase
84
gap between mitosis and beginning of DNA replication
G1 phase
85
period of DNA synthesis
S phase
86
gap between DNA duplication and next mitosis
G2 Phase
87
cell activities are temporarily or permanently suspended
G0 Phase
88
regulate the overall cycling in the cell and activates CDKs
Cyclin
89
4 Cell Cycle Checkpoints
1. G1 Checkpoint - check DNA replication, cell size, nutrients, DNA damage and growth factors
2. Intra S-phase Checkpoint - check DNA damage and DNA replication
3. G2/M Checkpoint - checks DNA replication
4. Mitotic Checkpoint - checks chromosome attachment and alignment
90
core components of the cell cycle machinery and promotes progression through cell cycles
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
91
3 Types of Cells in the Cell Cycle
1. Permanent Cells - will never reenter the cell cycle
2. Labile Cells - keep on recycling/regenerating new cells
3. Stable Cells - remain in G0 phase and dies easily
92
Phases of Mitosis
1. Interphase - long period between mitoses
2. Prophase - chromatin condenses, centromere binds together chromatids
3. Metaphase - chromosomes condense further, microtubules move to equatorial plate
4. Anaphase - sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
5. Telophase - two sets of chromosomes at spindle poles revert to uncondensed; deepened cleavage furrow
93
Two key features of Meiosis
1. Synapsis - double strand breaks and repairs in DNA and crossover happen to produce new combination of genes
2. Cells produced are haploid - chromosome present in body's somatic cells
94
Phases of Meiosis
Meiosis I - Late Interphase, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase/Telophase I
Meiosis II - Metaphase II, Anaphase II / Telophase II
